Multiple myeloma is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, blood tests, imaging, and bone marrow biopsy.
- Blood and Urine Tests: samples are checked to measure the amounts of certain antibodies (immunoglobulins)
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Blood Chemistry Tests
- Urine Tests
- Serum Protein Electrophoresis
- Serum Free Light Chain Assays
- Imaging: Determine the size and location of cancer in your bones and other tissues
- CT (Computerized Tomography) Scan
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Scan
- PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
- X-Ray
- Bone Marrow Biopsy: A procedure that involves collecting a small sample of bone marrow, usually from the hip bone, in order to be examined by a laboratory. Tissue included may be used for additional testing such as:
- Cytogenetics: Identifies changes in chromosomes, which can aid in diagnosis. Cytogenetics can also be used to determine treatment plans and the effectiveness of disease therapy.
- Flow Cytometry: Approach for discriminating between normal and clonal plasma cells in multiple myeloma.
- Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Test: A chromosome test used to identify specific genes or chromosome changes.
Related Links
Understanding Myeloma Testing and Monitoring | An Overview
What Should Patients Know About Myeloma Testing?
Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Essential Myeloma Testing
The stage of multiple myeloma is based on:
- Levels of beta-2 microglobulin and albumin in the blood
- Presence of high-risk genetic mutations
- LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) levels
Multiple Myeloma Stages
- Stage I: Low levels of beta-2 microglobulin, normal albumin, and no high-risk genetic markers
- Stage II: Intermediate levels of biomarkers and genetics
Stage III: High beta-2 microglobulin, high-risk cytogenetics, or high LDH
Empowers myeloma patients and families by addressing factors like age, ethnicity, and insurance that impact outcomes. Gain confidence in your healthcare decisions, no matter where you live.
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- Multiple Myeloma Patient Self-Advocacy Profiles
Provides myeloma patients with key information to help them understand their role, empowering them to engage in their care and treatment decisions
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Provides tools and actions for shared decision making and tips for navigating myeloma treatment decisions.
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Bridges the expert and patient voice, enabling patients to feel comfortable asking precise questions of their healthcare team
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- START HERE Multiple Myeloma Resources
