Tag Archive for: pain

AML Diagnosis | Exploring Bone Marrow Biopsy and Alternatives

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AML Diagnosis | Exploring Bone Marrow Biopsy and Alternatives from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What are the purpose and alternatives to bone marrow biopsy? Expert Dr. Sara Taveras Alam from UTHealth Houston explains what’s involved in bone marrow biopsy, what is analyzed, patient advice for the procedure, and alternative testing methods.

[ACT]IVATION Tip

“…ask the providers what to expect from the bone marrow in the facility where you are in. Usually in all facilities, lidocaine, or local anesthesia is used, but if you foresee that in general, you are anxious about procedures or susceptible to pain, you are welcome to request for some medications for pain and anxiety to help you get through that procedure, and generally, once patients have undergone a first bone marrow biopsy, they know what to expect and what accommodations may be needed for them in subsequent bone marrow biopsies.”

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Transcript: 

Lisa Hatfield:

Dr. Taveras, what specific features are pathologists looking for in the bone marrow sample when diagnosing AML, and are there any alternative diagnostic methods or tests available for AML besides a bone marrow biopsy?

Dr. Sara Taveras Alam:

And that is a great question. I think that many patients may be scared of what bone marrow biopsy entails. It is a procedure after all, and it can be painful. I do know that they’re able to get some details about the diagnosis from the peripheral blood just from blood tests alone; however, the best diagnosis is performed through the bone marrow biopsy, so it can provide more information about the email, than what we’re able to obtain from the blood, sometimes the blood count, the white blood cell counts are elevated in AML and that may make it easy to do some of our testing from the blood work, but in other patients, the white blood cells may be low at presentation and that can make it very difficult to obtain any meaningful diagnostic and prognostic information without a bone marrow biopsy.

The bone marrow biopsy would also allow to tell if the patient had a preceding blood disorder like a myeloid dysplasia and this may have treatment implications. This is not something that we would be able to tell from the blood alone unfortunately, so when our pathologists look at the bone marrow sample, they are looking at some of the blood that is obtained from that boom marrow space where the blood is produced, and a tiny piece of the bone from there as well, and they’re looking at the amount of cells, especially the normal red cells, the normal white blood cells, normal platelets, and specifically the abnormal white blood cells or blasts that are quantified in a percentage fashion to diagnose the AML.

There are also different types of blasts, so they may be able to sub-classify the AML from just looking at the morphology or how these cells look under the microscope. There are many ancillary tests that are performed on the sample as well to look into the genetics for the driving forces behind the acute myeloid leukemia.

We look at a chromosome analysis to see what the chromosomes are for the leukemia. We look at mutations during FISH testing, and we do molecular testing that are looking at specific point mutations that may be associated with AML and provide insight into the treatment options as well as the prognosis, the patient’s disease, and whether or not they may benefit from a stem cell transplant to increase the chances of maintaining a remission and obtaining a cure.

My advice for patients who may be anxious about the bone marrow biopsy would be to voice their concerns for their providers. I believe that different centers have different practices as it relates to pre-medication, so some places may provide anxiety medications and pain medications in advance of the procedure, but some other facilities may not. So my activation tip for this question is to ask the providers what to expect from the bone marrow in the facility where you are in.

Usually in all facilities, lidocaine, or local anesthesia is used, but if you foresee that in general, you are anxious about procedures or susceptible to pain, you are welcome to request for some medications for pain and anxiety to help you get through that procedure, and generally, once patients have undergone a first bone marrow biopsy, they know what to expect and what accommodations may be needed for them in subsequent bone marrow biopsies.

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When Can Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Use Palliative Care?

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When Can Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Use Palliative Care? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

When might small cell lung cancer patients want to use palliative care? Expert Beth Sandy from Abramson Cancer Center defines palliative care and shares examples of palliative care support.

[ACT]IVATION TIP

“…there’s even data to show in lung cancer that patients who see palliative care in addition to their primary oncologist actually live longer and have improved quality of life. So we will often pair up with the palliative care team to help our patients maximize their symptom support and their side effect support, and have a good understanding of what their goals of care are with the treatment so that everyone’s on the same page and everyone is having a good experience.”

See More from [ACT]IVATED Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

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Overcoming Small Cell Lung Cancer Care Barriers

Transcript:

Lisa Hatfield:

Palliative care is important for quality of life during small cell lung cancer treatment. Can you, first of all, explain what palliative care is, and then also give some advice, any advice you have for patients and their families on including palliative care early on in their course?

Beth Sandy:

So first, let’s define what palliative care is. It seems to be a big word, and sometimes people get a little concerned or confused when they hear that and they think, “Oh, does this mean I’m at the end or something like that?” And it absolutely does not. So palliative care means helping with supportive care or treatment of your side effects or symptoms. So we have a whole different set of doctors and nurse practitioners at my institution who just focus on the palliative care needs.

So, for example, if I have a patient with lung cancer, that’s what I treat, or maybe small cell lung cancer, but if I have a patient with lung cancer who is having a lot of pain and in my visit, I know the basics of the opioids and other medications, but usually we’ll send those patients to palliative care because they will have some other ideas and they can really focus and spend a half-hour just talking about those symptoms, like the pain, the cough, the shortness of breath, the weight loss.

So some people call it palliative care service, other people call it a supportive care service. That’s another kind of term for it. What the palliative care teams often do is what’s called the goals of care discussion, and that can mean a lot of different things to patients. What are your goals with life in general? Not even related to your cancer. Learning about you. Like who do you live with? Who is dependent on you? Who are you dependent on? And then going from there, and what is your understanding of your cancer and what are your goals with the treatment?

Sometimes we use a term called trade-offs. We would say, if the cancer, we’re treating it and it’s worsening, and then we have another treatment for it, and those side effects may be a little bit harder, is that something you want to risk, is being in the hospital and maybe being sick over the holidays or something, or would you prefer not to do that?

So palliative care often helps us with these goals of care discussions, and that can even lead to discussions about do I want CPR and resuscitation and things like that? Some people from the very start of their cancer, even if it’s a curable cancer, say, “But I’m at the point in my life where I have all these other illnesses, and I don’t want to be resuscitated. I want a natural death.” So those are all things that palliative care oftentimes can help with, living wills and things like that. And it’s not to say that your oncologist can’t because these are things I can do as well. But if I’m in a visit with you and I wanted to focus really on the current chemotherapy you’re on and those side effects, it may be better to have a palliative care doctor come on who is trained more in having those discussions.

And I wanted to make one distinction. Is that palliative care is absolutely not hospice care. So hospice care is when we’ve decided we do not want to do any more treatment for the cancer, and we want to improve the quality of the time that we have left. That’s hospice care. Palliative care is not that. Palliative care is when you are still on treatment, and we just want to maximize the supportive care and talk about what your goals are of the treatment. So I think my activation tip here for palliative care is that we often use it in lung cancer.

There’s even a study, there’s even data to show in lung cancer that patients who see palliative care in addition to their primary oncologist actually live longer and have improved quality of life. So we will often pair up with the palliative care team to help our patients maximize their symptom support and their side effect support, and have a good understanding of what their goals of care are with the treatment so that everyone’s on the same page and everyone is having a good experience. 

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How Can Head and Neck Cancer Patients Benefit From Palliative Care?

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How Can Head and Neck Cancer Patients Benefit From Palliative Care? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What is palliative care and how could it benefit head and neck cancer patients? Expert Dr. Ari Rosenberg defines this care approach and explains how it can improve quality of life.

Dr. Ari Rosenberg is a medical oncologist and assistant professor of medicine at The University of Chicago Medicine. Learn more about Dr. Rosenberg.

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Expert Advice for Newly Diagnosed Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Transcript:

Katherine:

What about palliative care? How can it help people with head and neck cancer? 

Dr. Rosenberg:

Yeah, so, I’ll start by defining palliative care, which I sort of would suggest is either a treatment team, or strategies to help palliate, or relieve, the symptoms associated with cancer, or with cancer-related treatment, which unfortunately for head and neck cancer can be quite substantial. The location of cancers in the head and neck space can have a very large impact on pain, quality of life, speech, swallowing function, and man, many more. And the treatments as well, chemoradiation, surgery, things like that in the head and neck space can also have major impacts on quality of life, and some of those symptoms that patients can experience.  

So, oftentimes, management of those treatments – whether with appropriate pain medicines, medicines to help with some of the other side effects of treatment – even support for speech therapies, swallowing therapy, physical therapy, therapy to help with lymphedema, or some of the swelling that can occur with treatment – can all be very, very, very important.  

So, when patients come to my clinic, we spend much of the time discussing the treatment, and making sure that the treatment against the cancer is the right thing. But also, quite a bit of time focusing on what other things do we have to do to optimize that patient’s outcome, both in terms of survival, as well as function and quality of life.

How Is Renal Medullary Carcinoma Diagnosed?

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How Is Renal Medullary Carcinoma Diagnosed? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) diagnosis involves testing that patients may need to follow up on. Expert Dr. Nizar Tannir explains common RMC symptoms, typical imaging tests that are involved, and advice to patients to be proactive to ensure their best care. 

Dr. Nizar Tannir is a Professor in the Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

[ACT]IVATION TIP

“…follow up after they have that imaging study…I would like patients to be aware and to be informed of what the symptoms mean. And that warning that blood in the urine or pain needs to be followed up and should not be dismissed or assumed that this is an infection or a stone that passed and you’re young, you don’t have to worry about cancer. They need to really follow up if that facility, that physician did not order the test, they need to follow up with their personal family physician and obtain those tests.“

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Transcript:

Cora:

Given how rare RMC is, we know many people have a long road to diagnosis, like my brother Herman, which can cause tremendous stress. How is renal medullary carcinoma diagnosed?

Dr. Tannir:  

Renal medullary carcinoma is diagnosed by imaging. Symptoms typically include pain, blood in the urine, and, of course, if the cancer has spread to organs, cough, fever, weight loss…so the diagnosis is made by imaging first. And typically this is done at a facility, hospital, clinic or emergency room, with an ultrasound or a CAT scan or an MRI, which typically shows a mass in one of the kidneys. Renal medullary carcinoma arises more commonly in the right kidney than the left kidney and three-quarters of the time it arises in the right kidney. So, but it can arise in the left kidney. So once there is a mass in the kidney, that obviously needs to lead to a biopsy.

And ultimately the diagnosis of RMC is made by obtaining a piece of that tumor, whether it’s from the mass in one of the two kidneys or a biopsy of a site that the cancer has spread to. So my activation tip is for a patient who has these symptoms and they seek medical advice at a hospital or a clinic or emergency room, is to follow up after they have that imaging study. Occasionally the facility may report the findings on the CAT scan, let’s say, but patients may not get that report; and, unfortunately, this may not be followed later with a phone call to the patient or family to alert them about the findings. So they need to…

Patients need to be proactive and participate in their care by getting the report, by finding out, by following up what showed up on the CAT scan or ultrasound or MRI, and then follow up further with a facility that is specialist in this type of disease.  So my activation tip is be involved, be engaged, be proactive, follow up after you had a test. And if you..if the patient goes to a facility and they just get dismissed without doing the test, because unfortunately I’ve seen it in my practice time and again, where a patient goes to a facility complaining of blood in the urine or pain, and they’re treated with antibiotics and they’re told that they have an infection and the patient doesn’t follow up and they haven’t done an imaging study, a CAT scan or an MRI or ultrasound.

So I think it is important, I would like patients to be aware and to be informed of what the symptoms mean. And that warning that blood in the urine or pain needs to be followed up and should not be dismissed or assumed that this is an infection or a stone that passed and you’re young, you don’t have to worry about cancer. They need to really follow up if that facility, that physician did not order the test, they need to follow up with their personal family physician and obtain those tests. So that’s really my activation tip for patients. 

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Lung Cancer Clinical Trials 201 Resource Guide

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Collaborating on Lung Cancer Treatment Decisions With Your Team

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Collaborating on Lung Cancer Treatment Decisions With Your Team from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Lung cancer specialist Dr. Tejas Patil discusses why active communication between patients and their healthcare team is essential when making care and treatment decisions.

Dr. Tejas Patil is an academic thoracic oncologist at the University of Colorado Cancer Center focused on targeted therapies and novel biomarkers in lung cancer. Learn more about Dr. Patil, here.

See More from Thrive Lung Cancer

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 Expert Advice for Setting Lung Cancer Treatment Goals

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Transcript:

Katherine:

Where does shared decision-making come into play? When does it come into play?  

Dr. Patil:

It comes in always.   

So, shared decision-making is one of the most important things that patients can do with their providers. It’s really important when we think about treatments to not just be very cookie cutter and follow a recipe book for managing a patient’s lung cancer. It’s really important to individualize therapy. This is really important where patients’ values come in. What patients want to do with the time that they have, and what patients want to do with the treatment? How do they want to take certain treatments?  

So, for example, I have a patient who’s a violinist and was faced with the possibility of receiving a type of clinical trial, but this trial caused neuropathy or numbness or tingling and would essentially render this patient unable to play the violin. This was an unacceptable treatment option for this patient, even though the data would suggest that it would work.  

And that’s an example of where shared decision-making comes in because it’s more than just treating numbers. It’s really about taking care of people. 

Katherine:

Yeah. Why is active communication between the patient and lung cancer team so important? 

Dr. Patil:

Active communication is really important because it’s really one of the easiest ways for things — So, a breakdown of communication rather is a one of the easiest ways for gaps to occur in care. And when there is active communication, when a patient feels like they have an opportunity to reach their team members to connect with their providers, it builds trust. And I think trust is one of the more important elements in the management of patients. If patients can trust their provider and trust that their judgment is sound, then there is more likely to be a harmonious relationship that facilitates the shared decision-making.  

Katherine:

When a patient is in active lung cancer treatment, how are they monitored? 

Dr. Patil:

So, patients are monitored in a variety of ways. If they’re receiving chemotherapy or immunotherapy, typically a provider will see the patient with each infusion cycle. And so, depending on the length of time and the schedule of infusions, that sort of dictates how frequently we see our patients. When patients are receiving targeted therapies, specifically the pill-based forms, they can be monitored in concordance with the NCCN guidelines. And in my practice, I typically see patients every three months with imaging.  

Now, if patients are having a hard time tolerating treatment, so they’re taking their oral pills but for whatever reason, we’re having a ton of side effects, we’re trying to figure out the dose. I might see my patients more frequently. But as a standard, if patients are tolerating their targeted treatment well, their scans look good, I usually see them every three months.  

Expert Advice for Setting Lung Cancer Treatment Goals

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Expert Advice for Setting Lung Cancer Treatment Goals from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Dr. Tejas Patil, a lung cancer specialist from the University of Colorado Cancer Center, shares advice on how lung cancer patients can work with their healthcare teams to set treatment goals.

Dr. Tejas Patil is an academic thoracic oncologist at the University of Colorado Cancer Center focused on targeted therapies and novel biomarkers in lung cancer. Learn more about Dr. Patil, here.

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Transcript:

Katherine:

When someone is considering therapy for non-small cell lung cancer, what advice do you have for setting treatment goals with their team? 

Dr. Patil:

So, non-small cell lung cancer has seen some remarkable progress in the last 20 years, but it’s still a very serious disease. One of the main expectations I set with patients is that I will guide them through this journey, but that there’s going to be a lot of changes in their day-to-day. When we look at someone who’s receiving targeted therapy, in general I upfront tell patients that the model that I’m trying to emulate with targeted therapies is very similar to HIV. I remind patients that in 2022, we still cannot cure HIV, but we can give a very effective antiviral therapies that put their viral count to zero.  

And patients with HIV now can live really full rich lives. And that’s the model that we’re trying to replicate with targeted therapies. With immunotherapies, I set patients the expectation that immunotherapy has been a major advance in the management of lung cancer. And many patients are living very full lives as a result of using immune therapies. But it’s not for everyone, and I do enforce and or rather emphasize is a better word, the concept of taking things day-by-day. I think it’s really helpful when patients have a diagnosis like this to not spiral out of control and think about all possible future outcomes, but to really work with the data that we have at the moment.  

Questions to Ask Before Participating in a Lung Cancer Clinical Trial

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Questions to Ask Before Participating in a Lung Cancer Clinical Trial from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

When considering clinical trial participation, what questions should patients ask their healthcare team? Dr. Tejas Patil, a lung cancer specialist at the University of Colorado Cancer Center, shares advice on what patients need to know when considering joining a clinical trial.

Dr. Tejas Patil is an academic thoracic oncologist at the University of Colorado Cancer Center focused on targeted therapies and novel biomarkers in lung cancer. Learn more about Dr. Patil, here.

See More From Lung Cancer Clinical Trials 201

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Transcript:

Katherine:

When considering clinical trial participation, what questions should patients be asking their healthcare team? 

Dr. Patil:

So, couple of questions that I think are really important for patients to ask their healthcare team is what is the current standard of care? So, if you’re enrolling in a clinical trial, you want to know that you’re receiving some kind of drug.  

And its expected effectiveness should be compared to what is considered the current standard of care for whatever line of therapy that is. The other practical questions that patients should be asking is what is the schedule of therapy? So, how frequently am I supposed to come in? Am I supposed to get a biopsy?  

Am I supposed to get blood draws? Most clinical trials will come with a schedule or a calendar for patients, and it’s helpful for them to look that over and see what’s being asked of them. And then the last thing is what are the known side effects? Now I always tell patients with a clinical trial, we don’t always know the side effects as part of the reason we’re doing the clinical trial.  

But if there’s some experience or if the doctors enrolled other similar patients in this trial asking what are the foreseeable side effects is actually really important. 

When to Consider a Clinical Trial for Lung Cancer Treatment

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When to Consider a Clinical Trial for Lung Cancer Treatment from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

When it comes to non-small cell lung cancer treatment options, where do clinical trials fit in? Dr. Tejas Patil of the University of Colorado Cancer Center explains how he discusses clinical trial participation with patients.

Dr. Tejas Patil is an academic thoracic oncologist at the University of Colorado Cancer Center focused on targeted therapies and novel biomarkers in lung cancer. Learn more about Dr. Patil, here.

See More From Lung Cancer Clinical Trials 201

Related Resources:

Where Do Clinical Trials Fit Into a Lung Cancer Treatment Plan?

 Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy: What Is It and Who Is It Right For?

 Questions to Ask Before Participating in a Lung Cancer Clinical Trial

Transcript:

Katherine:

When it comes to non-small cell lung cancer treatment options, where do clinical trials fit in? 

Dr. Patil:

So, clinical trials are very important to advancing our knowledge and advancing our ability to care for patients in the best way possible. What I frequently get asked from patients is am I going to be a guinea pig for a clinical trial? And I think it’s really important to emphasize that clinical trials are comparing the best-known standard of care to something new.  

So, in effect you would never be a guinea pig. You would really just be receiving what is the best-known standard of care. And that would be compared to some novel approach to treating cancer. In general, I’m very encouraging of patients to enroll in clinical trials.  

I discuss the pros and cons of this because there are logistical concerns to keep in mind when patients are thinking about enrolling in clinical trials. If a patient enjoys traveling, and enjoys wanting to spend time with their family, that has to be balanced against the regimented schedule that some clinical trials may have.  

If they live in a rural part of the state and they have to travel three to four hours weekly, that’s a decision that has to be had and be made. But in general, if a patient is eligible and willing, I’m strongly encouraging that patients enroll in clinical trials to help further the knowledge of the field. 

Katherine:

Yeah. Are there clinical trial options available for patients who have already been treated with another therapy? 

Dr. Patil:

Yes. So, the clinical trials come in variety of forms and patients are eligible at various stages.  

So, there are some clinical trials that require patients to be newly diagnosed. And so, the trial would be the “first therapy” that they receive. But many trials actually I would say the majority of clinical trials in lung cancer are looking at patients who’ve progressed on the first line of treatment and are now facing the possibility of receiving second line treatments or further. So, that’s a common place for patients to enroll in clinical trials. 

Understanding Biomarker Testing for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

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Understanding Biomarker Testing for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

 Dr. David Carbone reviews how mutations found through biomarker testing – genetic analysis of the lung cancer – may affect non-small cell lung cancer therapy decisions.

Dr. David Carbone is a medical oncologist and professor of internal medicine at The Ohio State University. Dr. Carbone is also co-leader of the Translational Therapeutics Program at the OSUCCC – James, where serves as director of the Thoracic Oncology Center. Learn more about Dr. Carbone, here.

See More From INSIST! Lung Cancer

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 Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Transcript:

Katherine:

Let’s talk about biomarker testing. What is it, first of all, and what are you looking for, exactly, when you receive the results?

Dr. Carbone:

Well, you have to order the results, so you have to know what to order. And we already touched on it a little bit. The genetic analysis of a tumor has become central to picking a therapy. And when I say “genetic analysis,” that is what you’re referring to as one of the biomarker tests we use.

Unfortunately, it’s true that many patients have therapies started without waiting for the results of these biomarker tests, and that really can have a negative impact on their care, because the results of this testing can make the difference between chemotherapy or a pill. It’s a totally diametrically different therapy.

So, these genetic tests look for things that we call driver mutations, and these are alterations in the genes of your cancer that are not present in the rest of your body; they’re not passed down to your children, or need to get looked for in your brother or your sister, like some of the breast cancer mutations you may hear about.

These are mutations that are present in the tumor that act like light switches, and they turn the cancer on to grow like crazy.

And through scientific research, we’ve discovered many of these in lung cancer, where, if we can find the specific driver mutation, many of these have specific drugs that can turn that switch back off. And virtually 100 percent or very close to every patient where we can find that matching drug to their driver will have some tumor shrinkage.

And it’s quite remarkable, but we need to do that matching, because these new drugs only work in that subset of patients with that mutation, and that’s why it’s so important to do that matching. And now, we have eight or 10 of these types of mutations that need to be looked for.

Why Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Should Speak Up About Symptoms and Side Effects

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Why Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Should Speak Up About Symptoms and Side Effects from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Dr. David Carbone, a lung cancer expert, emphasizes the importance of speaking up, advocating for yourself, and being an active member of your non-small cell lung cancer health care team. 

Dr. David Carbone is a medical oncologist and professor of internal medicine at The Ohio State University. Dr. Carbone is also co-leader of the Translational Therapeutics Program at the OSUCCC – James, where serves as director of the Thoracic Oncology Center. Learn more about Dr. Carbone, here.

See More From INSIST! Lung Cancer

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What Treatments Are Available for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

 How Is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Staged?

 Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Transcript:

Katherine:                  

Patients can sometimes feel like they’re bothering their healthcare team with their comments and questions. Why is it important for patients to speak up, and become a partner in their own care? 

Dr. Carbone:              

So, it’s a fact that when patients get the diagnosis of lung cancer, everything changes in their lives. They suddenly have a whole new vocabulary thrown at them. It’s like their doctor is speaking French to them. They have to trust their life to a person they’ve never met before, and a whole cadre of people coming in and talking to them and poking them and running through scanners. 

It’s very difficult for someone whose biggest concern was what to make for dinner that night, and now has a diagnosis of lung cancer, to really comprehend what’s going on. And lung cancer is complicated, so I recommend that patients really try their best to have at least a basic understanding of what’s going on, where their cancer is. I always show the patient their scans.  

“Your cancer is here; this is what it looks like; that’s why you’re having that pain over there, because you have this spot here. Your genetic testing shows this and this, and that’s why it’s important, and that’s why we’re using this drug to match this mutation.” And these are things patients will understand if doctors will explain it to them.  

And similarly, the side effects. Lung cancer patients tend to be tough people. They’ll say, “It’s not so bad, I feel better; but the side effect is not so bad. I’m just not going to tell them.” And it even happens in clinic that they’ll tell me they feel fine, and then they’ll tell the nurse that they hurt in their left elbow. And I have to go back in and ask them some more questions on that.  

So, it’s extremely important to feel comfortable in communicating with your doctor, asking questions; “Why am I getting this scan? Why are we using this treatment? Is this the best treatment? Are there clinical trials available? I have this new symptom, x, y, z,” because symptoms are often much easier to treat when you catch them early than when you catch them late.  

And you don’t get a medal for being a tough guy in this situation. Tell your doctor if you have pain, and they can manage it. Tell them if you’re short of breath, and they can help you feel better. They can’t help you if you don’t tell them, and you are your own best advocate in this situation. Ask questions about the treatment, and why that’s the best one for you; and, as I said, about clinical trials. 

Katherine:                  

Excellent. Thank you so much. It’s important for people to remember that.  

What Is Maintenance Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

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What Is Maintenance Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Lung cancer expert Dr. David Carbone responds to a patient question about the purpose of maintenance therapy for lung cancer and what to expect.

Dr. David Carbone is a medical oncologist and professor of internal medicine at The Ohio State University. Dr. Carbone is also co-leader of the Translational Therapeutics Program at the OSUCCC – James, where serves as director of the Thoracic Oncology Center. Learn more about Dr. Carbone, here.

See More From INSIST! Lung Cancer

Related Resources:

What Treatments Are Available for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

 Why Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Should Speak Up About Symptoms and Side Effects

Why Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Should Speak Up About Symptoms and Side Effects

 Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Transcript:

Katherine:

Lindsay sent in this question: “My doctor has talked about putting me on maintenance therapy following my treatment regimen. What is maintenance therapy for lung cancer?”

Dr. Carbone:              

So, many of our treatments have a maintenance phase, and I’m not sure which treatment she’s talking about. But even with chemotherapy, now, if people are on chemotherapy alone, will usually use a double chemotherapy to start, and then will drop one of the chemos after a few cycles, and then continue the other as a maintenance.

A more typical regimen today is a combination of two chemos and an immunotherapy. And generally, we’ll stop the more toxic chemotherapy after a few cycles and continue the less toxic chemotherapy plus the immunotherapy, usually for up to two years.

After chemo-radiation, you’d have a maintenance immunotherapy as well. So, maintenance therapy is just a lower-intensity therapy after your initial therapy, designed to keep the cancer from coming back.

Fact or Fiction? Busting Myths About Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

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Fact or Fiction? Busting Myths About Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Dr. David Carbone debunks common misconceptions about non-small cell lung cancer, including treatment effectiveness, age and lung cancer, and patient’s quality of life after treatment.

Dr. David Carbone is a medical oncologist and professor of internal medicine at The Ohio State University. Dr. Carbone is also co-leader of the Translational Therapeutics Program at the OSUCCC – James, where serves as director of the Thoracic Oncology Center. Learn more about Dr. Carbone, here.

See More From INSIST! Lung Cancer

Related Resources:

What Treatments Are Available for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

 What Is the Difference Between Small Cell and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

What Is Maintenance Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

Transcript:

Katherine:                  

A lung cancer diagnosis often has a certain stigma associated with it, but the majority of that is not based in fact. So, I’d like to play a little game with you called Fact or Fiction. All right? All right, first one. Fact or fiction: Lung cancer is a disease of the older population.

Dr. Carbone:              

If you have lungs, you can get lung cancer. That’s it. I’ve seen 20-year-old lung cancer patients. So, I think it can happen to anybody, and unfortunately, things like the CT screening programs are limited to people over the age of 50, but I’ve had many patients in their 30s and 40s. So, if you have lungs, you can have lung cancer.

Katherine:                  

Okay. Next one, fact or fiction: Quality of life is greatly diminished after undergoing treatment for lung cancer.

Dr. Carbone:              

I completely – fiction. I actually tell people often their quality of life is dramatically improved after starting treatments, and that’s my goal.

And with the new treatments, that’s often true. People will tell me within a week that they feel so much better on the treatment than they did before. So, that’s our goal. Our goal is not to make you feel worse. Our goal is to make you feel better.

Katherine:                  

Of course. All right, last one. Fact or fiction: There are no effective treatments for advanced lung cancer.

Dr. Carbone:              

So, the average survival for lung cancer years ago was four to six months from the time of diagnosis to death. That’s bad. And now, we are seeing in these subsets of patients years and years of survival with simple even pill-type treatments or immunotherapies. And even with the immunotherapies, sometimes you get treatments for a year or two, and then we stop; and we have patients who are years later, off of all treatments for metastatic lung cancer, still with no evidence of disease.

So, that is definitely fiction. We have highly effective treatments for lung cancer. But unfortunately, like everything else, and like I’ve said multiple times, it’s not true for everyone. Our treatments aren’t ideal. Sometimes for a particular patient we can’t find a matching treatment, the standard treatments don’t work, and nothing we can find makes a difference. But I would say you never know that until you try, and for the vast majority of patients, we can definitely give them prolonged, good-quality life. And so, I think that that’s definitely fiction.

What Treatments Are Available for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

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What Treatments Are Available for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

 Dr. David Carbone provides an overview of currently available treatments for non-small cell lung cancer patients, including clinical trials, and reviews factors that influence treatment decisions.

Dr. David Carbone is a medical oncologist and professor of internal medicine at The Ohio State University. Dr. Carbone is also co-leader of the Translational Therapeutics Program at the OSUCCC – James, where serves as director of the Thoracic Oncology Center. Learn more about Dr. Carbone, here.

See More From INSIST! Lung Cancer

Related Resources:

Fact or Fiction? Busting Myths About Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

 How Is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Staged?

 Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer Treatment: What to Expect

Transcript:

Katherine:

What are the current approaches for treating non-small cell lung cancer?  

Dr. Carbone:

Well, that’s a complex question. The basic modalities are surgery, which is really still what we prefer, if we can detect it early; radiation therapy; and medical therapy.  

And medical therapy can be divided into chemotherapies of some sort – what we call targeted therapies, based on genetic abnormalities in the tumor – and then, immunotherapies to harness the immune system to fight cancer. Those are the three major kinds of therapies.  

Katherine:

It seems like patients really do have a lot of options, which is a good thing for them. But how do you then decide which treatment is most appropriate for a given patient? 

Dr. Carbone:

Well, it’s not straightforward. When I started 35 years ago, it really wasn’t clear whether any treatment made any difference, and we actually did a large, randomized trial of doing nothing versus treating, and showed that we could improve survival by a month or two with the currently available treatments. Now, we have a huge toolbox of types of treatments and combinations of treatments. And it really requires a careful analysis of the characteristics of the tumor to pick the best therapy.  

And specifically, for the adenocarcinomas, the most common type, we now do a detailed genetic analysis on all of the tumors, which can completely change the type of treatment people get and the prognosis, and result in being able to match a pill-type targeted therapy to a particular genetic abnormality with really high efficacy and low toxicity. And there are other markers we use for immunotherapy choices. It’s become quite complicated.  

Katherine:

Where do clinical trials fit in, Dr. Carbone?  

Dr. Carbone:

Well, I like to say that clinical trials are tomorrow’s standard of care available today, and all of the new treatments that I’m talking about for lung cancer that have made this dramatic difference in survival and quality of life: They’ve all come because of basic science research, understanding how cancers grow, designing drugs, and using them in people in an intelligent way.  

Historically, we used to just grind up tree bark or dig things up from the bottom of the sea, and test them in tissue culture to see if they killed cancer cells a little more than normal cells. But today, the treatments we have are based on science, and the success of these treatments is very high compared to what they were historically.  

And the way we determine whether a treatment is effective is through something called a clinical trial, where generally the new treatment is compared to the standard treatment.  

And if there is no standard treatment, we still do sometimes use placebo-controlled trials, but often that’s placebo plus some chemotherapy, versus the new drug plus that same chemotherapy.  

So, it’s really not a placebo-only type situation. But the trials are designed to rigorously test whether the drug improves outcomes, and are an extremely important step in developing these new drugs and finding new things to help patients.  

What Is the Difference Between Small Cell and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

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What Is the Difference Between Small Cell and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

 Dr. David Carbone discusses the differences between small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Dr. Carbone then describes the subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer and which types are most common.

Dr. David Carbone is a medical oncologist and professor of internal medicine at The Ohio State University. Dr. Carbone is also co-leader of the Translational Therapeutics Program at the OSUCCC – James, where serves as director of the Thoracic Oncology Center. Learn more about Dr. Carbone, here.

See More From INSIST! Lung Cancer

Related Resources:

What Treatments Are Available for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

 How Is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Staged?

 Why Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Should Speak Up About Symptoms and Side Effects

Why Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Should Speak Up About Symptoms and Side Effects

Transcript:

Katherine:

What is the difference between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer?

Dr. Carbone:

Well, I like to tell patients every cancer is different from every other cancer, but they can be broadly categorized in two different categories, small cell and non-small cell.

And this derived from decades ago when small cell lung cancer just looked different under the microscope than non-small cell lung cancer. And different small cells can look different, and now we’re sub-typing small cells. But in general, small cells are treated pretty similarly. Non-small cells are divided into two main groups, the squamous cell carcinomas and the adenocarcinomas.

Adenocarcinomas have a variety of subtypes, as well, and then there are a few of the non-small cell lung cancers that are clearly non-small cell but don’t fit into either of those two categories, and they’re called large-cell or not otherwise specified.

And then, there’s a whole slew of rare types of lung cancers that we probably don’t have time to discuss, and mesothelioma that happened in the chest.

Katherine:

Right. Is one type of lung cancer more common than the other?

Dr. Carbone:

So, the vast majority of lung cancers are the non-small cell lung cancers, about 85 percent. And among the non-small cell lung cancers, most of those are adenocarcinomas or non-squamous. Decades ago, squamous was the most common type, and in some parts of the world, it still is. But in the United States, it depends on the region; 60, 70 percent of lung cancers are adenocarcinomas