Shannon MacLaughlan: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Shannon MacLaughlan from University of Illinois discusses her approach to patient care, advocacy, and empowering them in their cancer care.

 

Related Resources:

Aïcha Diallo: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?Aïcha Diallo: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Ligibel: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Ligibel: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? 


Transcript:

Shannon MacLaughlan:

I empower patients, hopefully by listening to them. I spend more of my time listening to them and learning about them than I do telling them what to do. I spend a lot of time getting to know who in their life is important in helping them make decisions and helping them lay out their goals for care and for life. I think that’s the most important thing I can do to empower someone during their treatment journey. I will often try to empower and elevate the voices of my patients even further by having them participate in the work that I do in a variety of different ways.

I have patient advocates who participate in study design. I have survivors from my practice who have made public appearances with me. We’ve done radio shows together during cervical cancer awareness month. We have involved them in higher level advocacy work. As an example, I sit on the Illinois Special Commission for Gynecologic Cancers and the chair of our Research and Policy Subcommittee.

And my co-chair on that subcommittee is a survivor herself who I’ve known since the day she was diagnosed and she went on to finish a master’s in public health and is in nurse practitioner school now. She and I work together in identifying the best ways to provide some justice and equity in cervical cancer care and outcomes. So I try to empower everyone during their cancer journey, but I also try to elevate voices with my own platforms.

Aïcha Diallo: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 Why is it important to empower patients? Aïcha Diallo, MPH, CHES discusses her approach to patient empowerment, the benefits of engaging patients, and the importance of including care partners in informative conversations.

 

Related Resources:

Joelys Gonzalez: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Ligibel: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Ligibel: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? 


Transcript:

Aïcha Diallo:

I empower patients by first defining empowerment and shared decision-making to them and their care partners. And I do this because when patients first hear the word cancer, nothing else makes sense, and they start feeling overwhelmed and even lost. So it’s very important to provide them information that is digestible and easy to comprehend, and making sure that they understand what it means to be empowered and having a seat at the table to effectively communicate with their healthcare teams so they get the equitable care they need.

It is essential for them to know that they are at the center of their care. They are the most important voice, they’re the leader and the CEO of their own care and their healthcare team. So for them to know that and to cherish that is very, very important. And I also want patients to know that the healthcare professionals are the experts at what they do, but they, the patients, are the experts at what they need, what they want, and who they are as unique individuals. So it’s important for them to remember that.

For me, empowering patients is also encouraging them to value this important role, and opening the door to engaging in shared decision-making by feeling comfortable to speak up about their care and being equipped to ask their healthcare professionals the right questions, share their goals and their concerns, because those matter as well. And being empowered is also involving their care partners in their decision-making process. You’ll hear me talk about care partners a lot alongside patients, because we want to celebrate them and emphasize that they are an important part of their loved one’s care, and often make the decisions with them or for them. So we always want to include them in the informative conversations to help make the best treatment decisions for patients living with cancer. 

Dr. Jennifer Ligibel: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Jennifer Ligibel from Harvard Medical School and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute shares her perspective on how her career course in oncology has impacted evidence-based tips that she provides to empower her patients. 

 

Related Resources:

Joelys Gonzalez: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Dr. Jennifer Ligibel:

This is such a great question. And honestly a question that really set my career course in focusing on supportive care for patients with cancer. Many years ago when I first started working in oncology, my patients would often ask me, after months of chemotherapy and radiation and surgery, “Dr. Ligibel, what can I do to help myself feel better, live longer?” And there wasn’t much to tell them at that point. And that’s really why I’ve spent the last 20 years doing research and figuring out what kind of treatment modalities can people do themselves to help themselves feel better, whether it’s exercise or weight management, or changing their diets.

I think for me, talking to patients, hearing about what their concerns are, offering hope, and really sticking now to what are evidence-based practices, to tell people that yes, you can exercise, you can eat healthfully, and those things will make a difference. They’ll help you feel better, they’ll help reduce the side effects you’re having from therapy. And although we’re still studying it, these behaviors are linked to better long-term outcomes. So for me, empowering people is about listening to them and providing them with evidence-based things that they can do to help themselves feel better.

Nicole Normandin: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 

Why is it important to empower patients? PEN Communication Director Nicole Normandin Rueda, LMSW discusses her approach to patient empowerment and support along with her passion as a social worker in patient care.

 

Related Resources:

Joelys Gonzalez: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Nicole Normandin:

I feel as though the job of a social worker is to fill the gaps as much as possible. Usually that means I am providing information and resources that maybe, is a new resource or nobody’s really talked to this patient about the availability before. Sometimes that means I am anticipating potential issues, and I’m trying to be on top of it. A good example of that is if I know there’s a patient that is really self-conscious about losing their hair, for example, asking their care partner, hey, you might want to get a lint roller. And, if you notice that there’s, hair falling, you can use that to pick it before it causes more stress or before it makes the patient have a little bit of a freakout because of the amount of hair that’s left behind. But at the end of the day, what I’m trying to do and what I always want to do is give patients and their families the feeling of community. I want them to know at the end of the day, you are not alone. 

The day you get diagnosed, it changes your life, and it changes all of your family’s life forever, regardless of what the outcome is. And so I want to be as much of a resource to patients and their families as I can. And the best way that I can do that is, forming relationships, asking questions, being there whenever they need, or maybe when they don’t need me, right? Sometimes I just, hey, how are you? And those are usually the times that I get more information out of them, as opposed to when it’s like a required visit or call. Just letting patients know that I’m here, and I’m doing this because I want to.

And it’s not that it’s a job, it’s because it’s a passion. Sharing evidence-based resources, organizations like Patient Empowerment Network, there are so many resources that patients, they’re so grateful to know or hear from somebody that is just able to give them just a couple tools in their tool belt that maybe they forgot about, or they didn’t even know that this resource was available. I do this because I want to be able to provide as many resources, as much of a relief to patients and their families as I possibly can. And at the end of the day, it’s why I do what I do.It’s why I’m a social worker. It’s why I continue to work with cancer patients and their families. And I will continue doing that for the foreseeable future.

Joelys Gonzalez: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 

Why is it important to empower patients? PEN Program Manager Joelys Gonzalez discusses her methods for empowering patients, holistic approach to care, and the impact of patient empowerment on health outcomes. 

 

Related Resources:

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Joelys Gonzalez:

Empowering patients is central to my work as a social worker. For me, this means providing patients with the knowledge, the tools, the confidence they need to actively participate in their own care and actually advocate for the best healthcare that they can possibly obtain. And this could be by educating them about their diagnosis, treatment options, or what to expect during and after treatment. This can help reduce the fear and anxiety, allowing them to make informed decisions.

I also focus on promoting self-advocacy, encouraging the patients to communicate their needs and their preference, not to stay quiet, and just make sure that their words are being heard, to make sure that they are having the best access to the resources as well that can support them during their overall health. And I believe that this holistic approach in addressing not just the physical, but also the emotional, social, and psychological aspect of care ensures that patients are not just surviving cancer, but they are thriving. Empowering patients is super important to me, because it just restores that sense of control of what can be a super overwhelming situation.

Being able to have that control from day one, it’s super important, because it makes you part of your own treatment, of your own cancer journey. And from day one, cancer can take away a lot of it. But by empowering patients, we can help them regain their autonomy and their dignity. Empowered patients are often more engaged in their care, which leads to better outcomes and to lead to better communication with their healthcare team. And ultimately, the goal about this is to help patients feel supported, informed, and confident as they are navigating their journey, knowing that they are actively participating in their own care and making sure that they are engaged in the shared decision-making with their healthcare team is super important.

Dr. Cynthia Thomson: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Cynthia Thomson from the University of Arizona discusses her approach to patient empowerment, how patient goals can vary, and her perspective on supporting patient lifestyle changes. 

 

 

Related Resources:

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Dr. Cynthia Thomson:

Cancer patients are amazing individuals. They really are committed to their health and well-being, and they’re also committed to the health and well-being of so many around them. So I empower patients by really helping them to think internally about what it is they want to accomplish in terms of lifestyle, what it is that really is important to them. Is it getting down on the floor and playing with their grandchild? Is it being able to have regular bowel movements every day? Is it to handle all these symptoms, maybe long-term fatigue or whatever, and really try to meet them where they are so that they really can achieve the goals that are important to them, not what’s important to me.

And I think that as I’ve worked with patients over decades, what I realize is that when you start where they are and support the patient along the way, they will make positive change. A lot of people will say, oh, no one will change their diet.

People aren’t ever going to eat healthy. Why do you worry about that? And I say, well you know, if that were the case, I think I would have quit doing this a long time ago. I would have realized that. But the opposite is true. People are looking for support, for information, for that opportunity to empower themselves to be healthier. They want to be healthier. It’s just that sometimes they need some help along the way to figure out what it is they need to achieve that goal.

Dr. Brad Kahl: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Brad Kahl from Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center discusses his methods and reasoning for empowering patients and how he prepares patients to participate in shared decision-making.
 

Related Resources:

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? Dr. Michael Grunwald: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?Dr. Michael Grunwald: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Dr. Brad Kahl:

I empower my patients by giving them information. I really try to educate them about the disease. Some of the approaches in follicular lymphoma are counterintuitive, and it’s impossible for a patient or a family to understand why we’re doing what we’re doing if they don’t have a good understanding of the disease itself. Same with the treatment options. We have to talk through the treatment options. Pros, everything has pros and cons.

And so I really try hard to educate the patient and the more educated they can become, the more they can participate in shared decision-making. In follicular lymphoma there’s often a lot of choices to make good choices. And the more the patient is educated and they understand, the more they can participate in the shared decision-making. And that’s the way I like to operate whenever possible.

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Akriti Jain from Cleveland Clinic discusses her methods of educating and empowering her patients and how empowerment sets patients on their path to optimal cancer care.
 

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MPN Care Barriers | Gaps in Patient-Centered Care

MPN Care Barriers | Gaps in Patient-Centered Care

MPN Treatment Barriers | Impacts and Solutions for Healthcare Providers

MPN Treatment Barriers | Impacts and Solutions for Healthcare Providers

Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Dr. Akriti Jain:

Empowering my patients is very important to me because I want to make sure when a patient leaves my clinic appointment they have a basic understanding of the disease that we’re fighting together. I try to explain to them basic understanding of how a bone marrow functions, where it is present, it’s in their long bones, and then draw them a chicken scratch of what MDS is and what MPN is, what a myeloproliferative neoplasm actually entails, how it is diagnosed, print them out their bone marrow biopsy reports so that they understand where the pathologist is seeing the issues.

And this is, again, very important because if a patient understands what they’re fighting, what we’re fighting together, they’re more likely to pay attention, they’re more likely to be more compliant, they’re more likely to adhere to what you recommend, get those lab tests, come to their visits, take the medications, and call you if they have concerns or questions.

Kimberly Smith: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

 
Why is it important to empower patients? Hematology-oncology nurse practitioner Kimberly Smith from Duke Health shares her approach to moving patients from a place of helplessness to becoming key players in powerful decisions.
 

 

Related Resources:

MPN Care Barriers | Gaps in Patient-Centered Care

MPN Care Barriers | Gaps in Patient-Centered Care

MPN Treatment Barriers | Impacts and Solutions for Healthcare Providers

MPN Treatment Barriers | Impacts and Solutions for Healthcare Providers

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Akriti Jain: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?


Transcript:

Kimberly Smith:

I empower my patients by giving them information, education. I try to educate each one of my patients, their family members. It’s very important to me, because I’ve been on that side. And I know how it is to be sitting there and not understanding anything that’s going on and not knowing where do I go from here, how is this treated, how is this person going to be managed, what can I do to help, and feeling helpless.

I want my patients and their families to always feel powerful. I want them to always feel like they are part of this team. Nobody’s just making decisions for them. They have a voice, and it is our job to advocate for them and help them strengthen their voice. That’s why it’s important to me.

Dr. Michael Grunwald: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

How can patients be empowered in their care? Expert Dr. Michael Grunwald from Levine Cancer Institute discusses different methods he uses in patient empowerment and efforts he makes to help ensure their best care.

See More from Empowering Providers to Empower Patients (EPEP)

Related Resources:

Dr. Amy Comander: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Amy Comander: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Julie Lanford: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Julie Lanford: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Transcript:

Dr. Michael Grunwald:

I can’t say we’re always successful, but at our program, we try to empower patients with information, information about disease, biology, and potential complications, risk stratification, and potential treatments. Of course, the information has to be tailored to the patient’s individual situation, which includes his or her medical problems, health literacy, and preferences. That said, I always do think education is key. In the case of myelofibrosis, symptoms are very important.

I think taking these symptoms seriously is critical in the care of MPN patients. We always try to help with symptoms. Sometimes we achieve excellent results in treating the symptoms. Sometimes we cannot get everything as perfect as we want it to be. And I think hearing patients and listening to them talk about their symptoms and understanding that the symptoms might be related to the myelofibrosis can be very helpful to the patient.

Dr. Amy Comander: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Amy Comander from Massachusetts General Hospital shares a quote that she uses to help patients with goals for their cancer care. 

See More from Empowering Providers to Empower Patients (EPEP)

Related Resources:

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Julie Lanford: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Julie Lanford: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Transcript:

Dr. Amy Comander:  

I love this question because as an oncologist, I love to empower my patients to take charge of their care and do everything they can to live a healthy life. And I often will think of a question, and this is actually related to one of my favorite running stars, Des Linden. I have to give a shoutout. I live in Boston. She won the Boston Marathon in 2018, and she’s famous for this quote, “Think about your why.” What is your why with any goal that you’re trying to achieve?

And so I will ask my patients that question, like, “What is important to you? What is your why?” And that might be being around to spend as much time as possible with their grandchildren, or that may be losing 10 pounds to fit into a dress for an upcoming wedding. Every person is going to have a different goal or a different why. And I really try to connect with my patients to understand what that goal is for them and what is important to them. And that helps them feel empowered to take charge of their health and achieve that goal.

Julie Lanford: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Why is it important to empower patients? Registered dietitian and oncology nutritionist Julie Lanford discusses her perspective about empowering patients and her approach to shared decision-making.

See More from Empowering Providers to Empower Patients (EPEP)

Related Resources:

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Transcript:

Julie Lanford:

I think it’s super important that patients feel like they are in control of decision-making regarding their treatment regimen and how they want to approach their treatments. So I always spend time just trying to find out what are these patients’ goals for their life and for their treatment? What does their quality of life look like? So that we can tailor their treatments towards that and not only focus on eliminating cancer from their body, but rather seeing them as a whole person that wants to enjoy whatever time they have left and to tailor our treatments towards that.

So really in conversation with the patient, like what is it that they want to get out of the time that they’ve got left? Are they one that’s going to just go all for it and whatever it takes for treatment, or do they have other goals that they want to work towards, that maybe will define how we go about treatment? So those are the things that I like to make sure that patients feel like they are in control in the decision-making or very much informing the process, rather than just taking our sort of prescription as is.

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Why is it important to empower patients? Expert Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub from the University of Kansas Medical Center discusses his approaches to patient empowerment and the positive impacts that empowered patients benefit from. 

See More from Empowering Providers to Empower Patients (EPEP)

Related Resources:

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Daniel Ermann: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Transcript:

Dr. Abdulraheem Yacoub:

Your ability to provide the best care for your patients really takes a team, takes a village. It involves the physician, the nurses, and the pharmacists but visually also patient and caregiver involvement. The more my patients are informed, the more their caregivers are involved. The more resources come up for these patients, the more their decisions are being made with the more depth and considerations and usually leads to more productive and effective healthcare provision for these patients. I believe that patients being educated in about their disease about what they’re up against to be given a realistic prognosis and expectation is of great value. 

I think arranging for patients to attend patient symposiums to reach out for educational material to be encouraged to seek out second opinions or to enroll in self-advocacy groups is of great importance and of greatest value for these patients. Patients with MPNs will live with their diseases for the rest of their lives, and that might include through the careers of multiple oncologists. So as patients live with their disease long, they need to master the knowledge base for MPN and for the understanding of their disease as they carry the journey with their MPNs for their natural lives and until a journey to cure or control their disease. I certainly believe in that, and I believe it’s the mission for all doctors to promote patient empowerment and patient education and involvement in their care.

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Dr. Andres Chang from Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University discusses his approach to empowering patients with CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia). He emphasizes the importance of focusing on patients and their families during “critical periods” of care to enhance management and support.

See More from Empowering Providers to Empower Patients (EPEP)

Related Resources:

Dr. Catherine Coombs: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Daniel Ermann: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Transcript:

Dr. Andres Chang:

My team spends a lot of time educating every single one of my patients about their disease, what their treatments may look like, when they may need treatments, what to expect from the disease and for each line of therapy, what kind of potential side effects. And we have this conversation, ongoing conversation throughout their disease course and their disease management. The education is provided by myself, by my nurse, by my pharmacist. We do it in person, we do it through messaging, we do it through virtual visits. And I think it’s particularly important and we pay particular emphasis during the what I call the critical periods, which is around the time that they need therapy, around the time that they start the therapy and when they progress and when they need a new therapy, for instance.

I find that this saves a lot of anxiety from our patients, improves both patient care and patient satisfaction. And at the end, it also helps a lot in saving a lot of work down the road, both by the patients, by their caregivers, as well as by our medical team because again, a well-educated patient, oftentimes they know how to address things, they know how to anticipate things, they know what important information to relay to our team. And I think that overall makes it a more effective and a more efficient patient care.

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Jennifer Brown: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Why is it important to empower patients? CLL expert Dr. Jennifer Brown from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute discusses two important times to empower patients, why these times are important, and how she approaches these discussions with her patients.

See More from Empowering Providers to Empower Patients (EPEP)

Related Resources:

Dr. Catherine Coombs: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Daniel Ermann: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Dr. Andres Chang: Why Is It Important for You to Empower Patients?

Transcript:

Dr. Jennifer Brown:

So I think there are two really important times for patients in the course of their disease. One is at diagnosis and then one is when you’re selecting therapy. And both of those times I try very much to listen to the patient’s concerns and try to address whatever their personal concerns are. Especially the newly diagnosed patients are often extremely fearful, in fact terrified, even though as we have discussed, it’s really a chronic disease that we can manage for extremely long periods of time what with patients feeling really well. And so trying to reassure patients and trying to address their fears and concerns is really important to me early on in the course of the disease. And then in terms of choosing treatment, in the majority of cases, we don’t necessarily have a clearly preferred treatment. We usually have two or three initial treatment options that may be largely equal for the majority of patients.

And so we really try to bring a shared decision-making model into that, in particular with respect to how patients feel about being on chronic therapy indefinitely versus time-limited therapy that may involve more intensive visits to the hospital early on but that then they can discontinue. And so it really ends up being a very lengthy and protracted usually over multiple visit discussion about what the treatment options are and what the patient’s values are in relation to the treatment options and how we should move forward with that. And then, we run a lot of clinical trials too, which I always recommend as an excellent option until we’re curing everyone with the disease, I think we should be doing clinical trials, and so then that makes the whole conversation even more complicated. But again, a shared decision-making model.