Tag Archive for: Prostate cancer testing

Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treatment Sequencing: Emerging Research

Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treatment Sequencing: Emerging Research from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What do metastatic prostate cancer patients need to know about developing treatment sequencing research? Dr. David Wise shares research updates about combination treatments and timing of treatments that have shown encouraging results.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

See More From INSIST! Prostate Cancer

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Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research News

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Expert Perspective on the Future of Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research

Why Prostate Cancer Patients Should Consider Participating in a Clinical Trial

Why Prostate Cancer Patients Should Consider Participating in a Clinical Trial


Transcript:

Katherine:

Dr. Wise, is there developing research or treatment news that prostate cancer patients should know about? 

Dr. David Wise:

Yeah. I think in terms of other research, I think where we’re seeing a lot of excitement is in boosting the treatment at the time of initial diagnosis for men with metastatic prostate cancer, right?  

So, what we’ve found is that for prostate cancer – and this has been true for some other cancers, but not all – it seem that when we use our best treatments early, we get a greater and greater return. We get a greater and greater durability of our effect and a more prolonged benefit of treatment effectiveness, of quality-of-life preservation, and a life span. That has really been, I would say, one of the key take-home points from the last five years.  

And so, what’s exciting in the field is that we’re continuing to go in that direction. So, for example, there are clinical trials now testing some of the new CDK4/6 inhibitors like abemaciclib or Verzenio, which is a clinical trial that we have here for men who are initially diagnosed.  

There are clinical trials testing lutetium PSMA 617 at the time of the initial diagnosis rather than waiting until treatment resistance develops. I think it’s a principle that’s emerged. I don’t know that I would call it a law. If it were, we wouldn’t have to do clinical trials, and that’s because with more exposure to these treatments, there is potential for more cumulative side effects with more combinations of treatments. There’s more potential for additive side effects that can occur from that combination.  

So, we need to see and really prove to ourselves that treating earlier is better than treating in a one-treatment-at-a-time sequential approach. But I think that the lesson from many other cancers has really been that combination treatments have been the most effective treatments. And I think that now that we have additional effective treatments that have been approved as a standalone strategy. 

What’s exciting now is that we’re now seeing the combination of these strategies into one, two, three, four drug regimens. And can we cure? And that’s, of course, what we’re really hoping for. That’s what we’re all striving for in oncology. So, that’s, I think, were a lot of the excitement is in oncology right now. 

What Questions Should Prostate Cancer Patients Ask About Testing and Test Results?

What Questions Should Prostate Cancer Patients Ask About Testing and Test Results? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What are key questions for prostate cancer patients to ask about testing and test results? Dr. David Wise explains the concept of shared decision-making and advice for taking to your doctor about test results to help access quality care.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

See More From INSIST! Prostate Cancer

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How Can You Insist on Better Prostate Cancer Care?

How Can You Insist on Better Prostate Cancer Care?

Prostate Cancer Testing: What Tests Should You Advocate For?

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact a Prostate Cancer Patient’s Prognosis

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact a Prostate Cancer Patient’s Prognosis?


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

It’s a good question. I think patients, first of all, should really understand that although the oncologist often has a lot of information and often a lot of experience, the patient is the one that really should have the power to make the decisions.  

And the patient should often remind the oncologist of that, that shared decision-making is a crucial empowerment concept that patients need to understand.   

Patients come into a treatment in an incredibly vulnerable position, and that’s for a few different factors. And I think that they need to understand that they need to express their preferences, and they need to actively take part in that decision. And I think expressing that is really important. I think oncologists should also help patients understand that, that they’re the ones in the driver’s seat, that they’re the ones that have the power to make the decision, and that the position should be arrived at in a shared decision framework.  

In terms of questions patients should ask, patients should always ask about alternative. I think oftentimes, you hear maybe just treatment option that oncologist thinks might be the best, but I think it’s important to constantly say, “Well, what are the alternative here? Is there anything else that we could think about?” Perhaps that treatment that you’re suggesting sounds really exciting, but it really may not work for me for my particular context.  

So, is there another option that the oncologist may not be thinking about because it wouldn’t be their usual recommendation. But maybe in my specific circumstance, there might be something that would work better for me. I think those are the kinds of questions, continuing to voice your preferences, what you want.   

Finding the right treatment is so critical. And arriving at it from a shared decision-making, it just continues to build that relationship, and it makes for a much better dynamic over the course of that treatment and others.  

Are We Getting Closer to Precision Oncology for Prostate Cancer?

Are We Getting Closer to Precision Oncology for Prostate Cancer? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Is there progress in precision oncology for prostate cancer? Dr. David Wise shares his perspective about precision oncology and an update about ongoing research. 

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

See More From INSIST! Prostate Cancer

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How Can You Access Personalized Prostate Cancer Treatment?

How Can You Access Personalized Prostate Cancer Treatment?

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How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact Prostate Cancer Treatment Options?

Prostate Cancer Treatment_ What Is Precision Oncology

Prostate Cancer Treatment: What Is Precision Oncology?


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

Sure. So, yes. One of the key steps going forward for our research is to look for more of these precision targets that we can take advantage of. We certainly think that there are more genetic features out there that have yet to be treated effectively. And so, those are the kinds of treatments that we’re really excited about.  

And so, along those lines, we have clinical trials here that are looking at specific mutations in the androgen receptor gene, for example, which is a clear gene that promotes the development of prostate cancer and its resistance to established treatments. So, we have clinical trials here targeting the androgen receptor, particularly when it’s mutated, okay? So, that’s one example. We have immunotherapy trials here that are really looking to target PSMA, so with the same sort of precision target.  

But instead of looking for a different target, we’re trying to treat the same target but with a different treatment modality. So, instead of using radiation targeted towards that PSMA, we’re trying to use antibodies that bring the immune system towards that target in order to provide a potentially better tolerated and longer-lasting treatment to patients with PSMA on their cancer.  

And even taking it to the next step, what we’ve found is that…how do we help boost the long-term durability of our treatments? A lot of these precision treatments give us an initial excellent result only to eventually stop working. And so, how do we extend durability? That’s a very important area of research. And we think part of that is boosting the immune system’s response to the treatment. And so, we’re actually also going to begin a trial in the next few months, which we think is really exciting, where we’re combining lutetium PSMA to target those PSMA-expressing prostate cancers.  

But then we’re combining that with a type of immunotherapy that we think will more fully expose the cancer to the treatment effect and remove some of the barriers in the body towards fully killing those remaining cancer cells. 

Prostate Cancer Treatment: What Is Precision Oncology?

Prostate Cancer Treatment: What Is Precision Oncology? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

How is precision oncology used in prostate cancer? Dr. David Wise defines precision oncology and explains how it is used in conjunction with prostate cancer testing for patient care.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

See More From INSIST! Prostate Cancer

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How Can You Access Personalized Prostate Cancer Treatment?

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Are We Getting Closer to Precision Oncology for Prostate Cancer

Are We Getting Closer to Precision Oncology for Prostate Cancer


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

Absolutely. So, precision oncology is really a term that describes being able to tailor treatment to a patient’s cancer to the information that we have from that specific individual. So, it’s really tailored medicine. And it’s precise because, typically, that treatment is leveraging or exploiting a specific vulnerability or feature that we’re able to discern by a specialized testing of that patient’s cancer, okay?  

And so, everything that I’ve been discussing, biomarker testing that lends itself directly to treatment is largely overlapping and very much an example of precision oncology. So, using genetic test results to guide treatment from that patient, that’s tailored to that patient. So, that is precision oncology.  

Using that patient’s PSMA profile to determine the benefit of lutetium, that is, in my view, precision oncology. There are other examples of this in multiple different spheres and using multiple different treatment types, but that’s the general concept. I think the other example of precision oncology in general and specifically for prostate cancer are targeting NTRK mutations. So, NTRK I, II, and III, those are genes that can get mutated in any cancer type.   

And just like the example of immunotherapy with microsatellite instability, the same holds true. So, any cancer with an NTRK mutation, there is an FDA approval to use NTRK inhibitory oral medications to treat that patient. Similarly to immunotherapy and microsatellite instability, we wish those mutations were more common because the treatment is very well-tolerated and is incredibly effective.  

But still, just because it’s not common doesn’t mean we shouldn’t look for it because of how impactful these treatments can be. 

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact Prostate Cancer Treatment Options?

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact Prostate Cancer Treatment Options? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What can biomarker test results indicate about prostate cancer treatment options? Dr. David Wise discusses genetic mutations, treatment classes, and testing methods that are commonly examined to help determine optimal prostate cancer approaches.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

See More From INSIST! Prostate Cancer

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What Is a Prostate Cancer Biomarker

What Is a Prostate Cancer Biomarker?

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How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact a Prostate Cancer Patient’s Prognosis?


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

So, that’s a great question. So, there are multiple gene test results that can directly influence a choice of treatment. I think that it’s important to highlight two main categories, both within the genomic testing setting. Both of these test results have their major impact in patients with metastatic prostate cancer, whether the cancer has been treated already and is resistant to current treatments, or even some situations where the cancer has not even been treated.  

For metastatic prostate cancer, I think it’s important to assess whether the cancer has evidence of a BRCA1 or 2 mutation, or whether the cancer has evidence of a genetic feature called microsatellite instability, or MSI high. Cancers that have evidence of BRCA1 or 2 have clear benefit. Patients have clear benefit from treatment that targets those genes. And that’s a class of oral medications called PARP inhibitors, several of which are already FDA-approved for hormone-resistant metastatic prostate cancer with evidence of BRCA1 or 2 mutation.  

There are even newer clinical trials which are testing the use of those medicines at the outset of men who are initially diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer, even naïve to treatment and testing whether we should be adding on PARP inhibitors for men with that genetic feature.  

Microsatellite instability, as well, leads to a clear FDA indication for immunotherapy with what we call checkpoint inhibitors that target and reinvigorate the body’s immune system. We know that prostate cancers with that particular genetic feature, which unfortunately is still an uncommon type of prostate cancer – but when it happens, it’s important to know about it because those immunotherapies can have truly life-changing, truly very long lasting, in the order of years, benefit to keeping that cancer to an undetectable level. Now, I would say, those are the key genomic features that directly translate to changes in treatment.  

There are other biomarkers, one we haven’t talked about which is very impactful, which is levels of PSMA expression on a PET scan. So, we talked about that in the setting of making a diagnosis, but it also is important for dictating best treatment. So, we now know, based on the results of a large Phase III trial that patients with prostate cancers that have PSMA uptake on PET imaging, which is an imaging biomarker, not a genetic biomarker, but an imaging biomarker.  

Those patients respond quite well to lutetium PSMA, which is a radioligand therapy that targets PSMA-producing prostate cancers. And so, those are examples of, I think, very impactful biomarkers that patients need to know about, so that they can ask their physicians to get tested to see if they’re candidates for those potential treatments.  

So, the genetic tests can be done either on biopsy material or on blood. And the latter has really been a major advance because we’ve been able to identify patients who are eligible without exposing them to an additional fresh biopsy. Sometimes, we need to because sometimes the blood does not have sufficient material to be able to establish the diagnosis. But still, it is often worth trying because, of course, we would try to do anything to avoid undergoing a risky procedure, and this is an example of that. In order to assess hereditary genetic risk, that can be done from a saliva sample. So, often, a cheek swab is enough, but testing for that is often pretty standard as well. So, that’s another option.  

So, in order to assess PSMA expression, which lends itself directly to the use of lutetium PSMA, that’s the straightforward PET scan. It’s now something that is readily available at the vast majority of academic centers and in the community as well. 

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact a Prostate Cancer Patient’s Prognosis?

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact a Prostate Cancer Patient’s Prognosis? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

How can a prostate cancer patient’s prognosis be impacted by biomarker test results? Dr. David Wise shares insight about biomarkers that are important in determining higher risk prostate cancer.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

See More From INSIST! Prostate Cancer

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What Is a Prostate Cancer Biomarker?

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How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact Prostate Cancer Treatment Options

How Do Biomarker Test Results Impact Prostate Cancer Treatment Options?


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

Great question. So, every biomarker needs to be considered independently.   

And whether it adds additional prognostic information to the other variables that we’ve already collected. And so, there are a few different biomarkers that we can discuss. I think that perhaps the most well-known, and in some sense very important one, is the one I mentioned before, which is the abnormal BRCA2 gene test results.  

So, patients who have that hereditary genetic mutation with BRCA2, we do have evidence that those cancers at diagnosis tend to have a higher Gleason score. They tend to be higher risk. Those cancers are still curable. Those cancers are still very treatable, but they tend to be less common in that low-risk category. So, we tend to be, at times, a bit more reluctant to manage patients with BRCA2 with surveillance alone, because their cancers typically need more intensive treatment.  

Prostate Cancer: What’s the Difference Between Hereditary and Biomarker Testing?

Prostate Cancer: What’s the Difference Between Hereditary and Biomarker Testing? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What’s the difference between hereditary testing and biomarker testing? Dr. David Wise explains how biomarker testing and hereditary testing differ – and discusses the impact and potential risks of some mutations.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

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How Does Genetic Testing Impact Prostate Cancer Care?


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

That’s a great question. So, hereditary genetic testing is a test that looks specifically to establish whether a person is born with a gene that predisposed them to develop that cancer, and therefore has two clear implications.  

If the test result is abnormal, then the patient was born with that gene. Therefore, other family members, first-degree relatives, may also have that gene, and that may predispose those other family members to the same cancer or to other cancers. For example, BRCA2 can predispose to the prostate cancer that the patient that we’re discussing has, but it can also predispose to breast or ovarian cancer or pancreas cancer. And if the patient has an abnormal BRCA2 gene, then their first-degree relatives have a 50 percent chance of having that gene and being predisposed to cancer, not necessarily having a guaranteed development of that cancer, but having a higher risk of developing that cancer.  

So, it has implications for family member testing or what we call cascade testing, but it also has potential implications depending on the gene. And we’re looking for, even if it’s a hereditary gene, it can still have implications for how to best treat or monitor that patient’s cancer. And so, that’s the hereditary genetic testing. Now, biomarker testing is a broader umbrella term, and it just refers to any information or test result that we collect that gives us information about how that patient is going to respond to treatment, which means a predictive result. So, it tells us potentially which treatment might work better or worse or what we call a general prognostic information.  

So, information about that patient’s…the important things to what that person is worried about: How long they’re going to live, how well they’re going to respond to treatment, how aggressive their cancer is going to be. So, that’s biomarker testing. Now, what I think is particularly confusing – and maybe I’ll shed light on this – is: Well, what’s the difference between somatic genetic testing and hereditary genetic testing?  

So, somatic genetic testing is actually testing that is focused purely on what genes were mutated in the prostate that promoted the development of that cancer. Abnormal test results on that test are not directly related to hereditary risk. Just because a patient’s cancer has mutated gene X does not mean that their family member has a predisposition to develop to having that gene. They’re completely unrelated. So, really, patients should have both types of genetic testing.  

But there are specific criteria for which patient qualifies for which type of test, and that’s a detailed conversation that needs to happen between the physician and the patient. 

Essential Testing Following a Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

Essential Testing Following a Prostate Cancer Diagnosis from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What essential tests do prostate cancer patients need following a diagnosis? Dr. David Wise shares an overview of imaging, scans, and targeted testing to help guide an optimal care and treatment plan for each patient.

Dr. David Wise is Director of Genitourinary Medical Oncology at the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health. Learn more about Dr. Wise.

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Why Should You Ask Your Doctor About Prostate Cancer Genetic Testing?


Transcript:

Dr. David Wise:

Sure. So, that’s a great question. The testing for prostate cancer really has advanced over the last decade. So, it’s very much standard, of course, for patients to have a biopsy to confirm evidence of prostate cancer. That biopsy will assess for the Gleason score, which gives us information about how abnormal those cells look under the microscope.  

It remains the most important feature for understanding the risk of the cancer and how intensive the treatment needs to be to treat that cancer. Of course, the PSA at the time of diagnosis is also useful for that assessment of risk. And the MRI is the third key feature that we look at, the MRI of the prostate, that is, which is often done before biopsy and often guides the biopsy for the urologists to make sure that they’re sampling the most concerning nodule within the prostate. And that MRI gives us information about the extent of the cancer, whether there had been any spread of the cancer, and the overall size of the prostate cancer mass. Now, over the past few years, there’s been some changes.  

So, patients with high risk or very high risk but nonmetastatic prostate cancer are often also imaged with something called PET scan, which is specific for prostate cancer looking at the levels of a protein called PSMA. And there are several brand names that will provide that imaging test through this PET imaging scan. That also gives us an even more accurate sense of the extent of the cancer, whether it has spread or not.  

And I think what’s really important is also thinking about the genetics of the cancer. And so, for patients with high-risk early-stage prostate cancer or metastatic prostate cancer and for patients with a significant family history or with an Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, we recommend hereditary genetic testing.  

And that needs to be distinguished from testing of the tumor itself or testing of the DNA derived from the tumor, which is called somatic testing. And it is not a hereditary test, but it’s a test that actually gives us information about the genes that are mutated and promoted at the development of that cancer. And that somatic testing is important, but it’s really critical for men who have advanced prostate cancer, metastatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer, where we already have FDA-approved treatments that are tailored to the results of those gene test results.  

So, those are really the standard tests that we think about. There are some emerging tests I think that some oncologists will recommend, and some won’t. The most prominent of those is the Decipher genomic score. So, that’s a test that also uses RNA or a type of genetic information from the cancer that can be used to assess the risk.  

And in my experience, that gives sometimes complementary information and adds further, I would say, or sheds further light on the tests that we already have. And particularly for men with otherwise intermediate risk prostate cancer, sometimes, the Decipher test can give us some more clarity, but I don’t think it’s absolutely critical at this time to order that test. I think we usually get the information that we need from the test that we have. 

How Can Prostate Cancer Providers Help Empower Patients?

How Can Prostate Cancer Providers Help Empower Patients? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

 How can prostate cancer providers help empower patients? Host Dr. Nicole Rochester and Drs. Yaw Nyame, and Petros Grivas share their perspectives on how health providers can work with patients to empower them to make more informed decisions in their treatment journeys toward optimal prostate cancer care.

See More From Best Prostate Cancer Care No Matter Where You Live


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Transcript:

Dr. Nicole Rochester: 

I’m going to ask Dr. Nyame to elaborate on which is these fancy tests and these new technologies and things, and what we know is that a lot of times the patient themselves, if they are not aware of these particular tests, then because of all the disparities that we’ve talked about, they may not even be offered to them. And so a question for you, Dr. Nyame, how can we empower patients so that they don’t feel limited in their care, and how do we make them aware of these treatment options and diagnostic options?  

Dr. Nyame: 

You know that’s very challenging because Dr. Grivas and I see this in our clinical practice, we have patients who are very savvy, that’ll come in and say that “I’ve heard that there’s a PSMA in San Francisco. Do you have it in Seattle? If you don’t have it in Seattle, I’m going to go to San Francisco.” And for every patient I had like that, who might be, “Hey, have you read this latest article, I can have someone who has no idea of what’s going on with their diagnosis, and so how we create opportunities to bring those patients and know very little up to somewhere close, maybe not quite to the demanding the PSMA or a fancy scan level, but sophisticated enough to feel empowered in their health decision-making as something where I think we need to do research because we know that certain tools, navigation, advocacy groups can help in that arena, but I think that we need to understand what the tools are that patients want. What’s interesting is when you query patients, which we’ve done in a study and you say, “What are the most pressing issues for you in your prostate cancer diagnosis,” whether it’s in the localized setting or in the advanced or metastatic setting, the one thing that has resonated over and over again, irrespective of race is, “I need help making decisions, I need tools that will make it, me more efficient in how I make my decisions.” And so, I think without punting the answer too much, we need to do better, and I think part of that starts with listening. I do think that providers can be trained to provide that information in a more efficient manner. We do not…we as clinicians, are built into a system where the number of patients we see really correlates with how we get paid, and there’s not a doctor that doesn’t go to work excited to educate and build relationships with patients, that’s not the case, but there is a time crunch and I feel like in situations where there is a bigger gap and knowledge and understanding, we often don’t have enough time and built into our day to have the discussion, so for me, for a lot of my patients who I feel like have a lower understanding of what’s going on with regards to their prostate cancer diagnosis, it’s really important for me to build into our visit the understanding that whatever we don’t cover can be addressed at a later time and that we don’t have to make a decision with that at particular visit. So, when I think about this, it’s sort of like your favorite barbershop or your favorite grocery store, your favorite sandwich place, the relationships matter. 

And I think when we talk about empowering patients to be advocates for themselves in their clinical visits, I think there needs to be an understanding from patients that if it doesn’t feel right, that they have options and to take their time in the decision. Prostate cancer, unlike other diseases, that Dr. Grivas and I treat doesn’t have to have the dial turn to 10 or 11 right away, and we need to make a decision because time is extremely sensitive, even in our most aggressive localized settings, which is what I treat, we have the opportunity to take weeks, if not months, to come to a decision. 

Dr. Nicole Rochester: 

Thank you, thank you so much, I appreciate that. And certainly, as a physician who’s also a health advocate, I strongly agree with what you said about if the relationship is not working, that there are options, and I know that that may not always be the case depending on where patients live, but I regularly encourage my clients to sometimes you have to look somewhere else, sometimes you have to get a second opinion or maybe even fire your doctor if the relationship is not mutually beneficial, so I appreciate you sharing that. Dr. Grivas, do you have anything to add in terms of how patients can take a proactive approach to their healthcare and how they can build this confidence we’ve been talking about and express their concerns to their medical team? 

Dr. Grivas: 

I think Dr. Nyame covered it so well. I think it’s critically important for all of us to recognize that the finding out the why is probably the key to answer those questions, why there is this distrust, why someone is not paying attention so her own health because they have to try to make ends meet and keep family fed during the daytime, and they don’t have time to think about their own health as Dr. Nyame mentioned before, at the same time, empowering the patient that they are the center of this relationship. 

Why doesn’t Dr. Nyame go to the clinic in the morning is because of patients, so our training is patient-centered and our practice is patient-centered and our research is patient-centered, so the patient should feel that right from the door, that this is a service to them. And we’re doing what we’re doing to help their life being longer, longer survival, as we call it, or better, better quality of life, and listening to the patient’s needs is important because of the time crunch that Dr. Nyame mentioned before, I think many of us, probably all of us are within situations where we don’t have enough time to listen advocate-ly, what the person have to say, that’s why I think it’s important to have opportunities for separate visits and utilize better other mechanisms, exact mechanisms, patient navigation I think it’s a critical part of our care, social workers, case managers, financial counselors, nutritionist, genetic counselors, looking at genetics in for the disposition to cancer which is much more common than we think occurrences sometimes we be higher in some certain populations. Having this service available to patients, can help a lot because they will give them knowledge, and knowledge is power by itself, so give them the center, we’re here for them. Why they’re here, it’s because we want to help them and giving them also resources, they need to get now let’s information, when they feel they have more knowledge and they feel that they have control, they can communicate back and give feedback of how we can do better and also, what are the priorities of their needs, so we can address those, what matters to the patient, and this can apply to base and care, and also is what questions we’re asking? Research should be defined by patient priority, so all of those factors should be a dialogue with a patient, I think advocacy groups can be a great liaison to help us disseminate this concept and help again, empowering the patients. I struggle believe that explaining the why and giving knowledge, the data points in a simple and lay manner, can patients think being more in control. 

 Dr. Nicole Rochester: 

I love the patient-centered focus, that is something that admittedly, we’ve gotten away from that to some degree in medicine because of the time crunches that both of you have mentioned, and I love that you said knowledge is power.  

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: What’s Involved

This resource was originally published by Everyday Health by Laura Newman, here.

Last Updated: 6/28/2018
A variety of tests are used to help make the diagnosis.
Getty Images

Symptoms are uncommon with early-stage prostate cancer. The majority of men start the diagnostic process for prostate cancer before they become symptomatic. There are several potential tests that may be involved.

Among the most common are:

A Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is a blood test that may be offered to you as routine screening in the context of a checkup by a primary care physician or urologist.

But using the test for routine screening is controversial. Elevated results on a PSA test may occur for reasons other than cancer, such as an enlarged prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or an infection in the prostate called prostatitis. Men who receive an elevated result may be referred for further testing. For this reason, the test should only be done after an informed conversation between doctor and patient takes place.

The American Cancer Society uses these parameters to evaluate PSA results:

  • A PSA test result below 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) means that 85 percent of the time, you won’t have prostate cancer.
  • A PSA between 4 and 10 is associated with a 1 in 4 chance of having prostate cancer.
  • If your PSA is greater than 10, you have a 1 in 2 chance of having prostate cancer.

But doctors have not adopted a uniform system for interpreting PSA. Thresholds for concern and reference ranges vary considerably. (1)

If your PSA test results are elevated you will likely be advised to have more tests.

A Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)

A digital rectal exam (DRE) is a physical exam of your prostate gland administered by a physician in the context of a general checkup or in response to symptoms suggestive of an issue with the prostate gland. During a DRE, a physician places a gloved finger into the rectum and checks for asymmetric areas or nodules and irregularities in the size, shape and texture of the prostate gland, and it may also be used to look for signs suggestive of prostate cancer.

Like the PSA test, suspicious findings on a DRE do not necessarily mean that you have prostate cancer. Rather, the results are considered in combination with PSA test results and symptoms a patient may have.

Concerns have mounted recently about primary care doctors’ ability to use the DRE effectively. A recent study published in the March–April issue of the Annals of Family Medicine found that only one-half of surveyed primary care doctors feel comfortable performing DREs. In fact, the authors of that study recommended against primary care doctors performing them. (2)

Transrectal Ultrasound and Real-Time Biopsy

If you receive an elevated PSA result or have suspicious findings on a DRE, your physician might recommend that you undergo a prostate biopsy. The most common test used for this is a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), in which an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum and sound waves are used to create an image of the prostate gland.

During the ultrasound, biopsy samples are often collected from several areas of the prostate with a hollow needle. This is referred to as a real-time biopsy or a transrectal prostate biopsy. The biopsy samples are then analyzed in a pathology laboratory to see if cancer cells are present.

Important benefits of combining the two procedures include:

  • The ability to better target suspicious areas of high-grade (aggressive areas) and clinically significant tumors.
  • Helping to avoid false-positive diagnoses and overdiagnosis or sampling areas unlikely to contain cancer or aggressive cancer.
  • Getting a high-quality biopsy. (3)

MRI Ultrasound Targeted Prostate Biopsy

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided biopsies are also being used more frequently, with ultrasound or alone, to help guide a prostate biopsy. MRI scans are capable of revealing potentially cancerous areas in more detail than ultrasound.

Studies have emerged suggesting that fusing the two techniques — using MRI to identify suspicious areas before the transrectal ultrasound and biopsy procedure — might identify cancer more accurately than a TRUS biopsy alone. For example, a landmark study led by researchers at the National Cancer Institute’s urologic oncology branch found that the MRI-fused ultrasound technique detected more aggressive prostate cancer and fewer low-risk prostate cancers.

A joint statement issued by the American Urological Association and Society of Abdominal Radiologists supports fused MRI-ultrasound for men on active surveillance — men who, along with their doctors, have opted to watch a slow-growing cancer rather than treat it aggressively — and for men who have received elevated PSA test result but whose previous biopsies have tested negative for cancer. (4)

Preparing for Your Prostate Biopsy

To prepare you for the test, your urologist should tell you about the risks and benefits of having a biopsy. The most common complications following a prostate biopsy are having blood in the urine, rectum, or semen, a urinary tract infection, and acute urinary retention. These side effects usually pass quickly. Less commonly, erectile dysfunction occurs.

After this discussion with your doctor, you will be asked to sign a consent form. You may also be asked to discontinue some medications, such as anticoagulants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, herbal supplements, and vitamins for one to several days. On the night before the biopsy is scheduled, your doctor may ask you to do an enema at home. Eating lightly the day before is often recommended. You also may be asked to take an antibiotic the day before or on the day of the biopsy. (5)

When you come in for the procedure, you will be asked to lie still on your side with your knees bent. The doctor will insert a small finger-size ultrasound probe into your rectum. The probe lets the doctor see images of your prostate gland and helps determine where to inject a local anesthetic. The images the doctor sees also help guide the biopsy needle. Your doctor will take 10 to 18 tissue samples from the prostate gland, which will then be sent to a pathology lab. The entire procedure takes about 10 minutes. Your doctor will contact you with results usually within about a week.

After the procedure, your rectum may feel sore. You may see small amounts of blood in your stool, urine, or semen that last for several days or weeks. Antibiotics might be prescribed for several days to prevent infection.

Making Sense of Prostate Biopsy Results

If your biopsy reveals that some cells look abnormal, but may or may not be cancer, your doctor might recommend another biopsy. If your biopsy comes back positive, it means cancer cells were detected.

Your pathology report will include:

  • A Gleason score, which helps doctors predict how fast-growing the prostate cancer is
  • The number of biopsy samples that contain cancer out of the total number sampled
  • A diagnosis of each core or biopsy sample
  • The percentage of cancer in each sample
  • Whether the cancer is on one or both sides of the prostate gland (6)

Understanding Your Gleason Score

Your Gleason score is the sum of various “grades” the pathologist has given samples taken from the prostate gland. The more aggressive the cancer looks, the higher the grade. The lowest Gleason score you can receive for prostate cancer is a 6. These cancers are considered low-grade and unlikely to be aggressive. A Gleason score of 8 to 10 is more aggressive and more likely to grow and spread quickly. A cancer with a Gleason score of 9 to 10 is likely to be even more aggressive. (6)

Prostate Cancer Screening: Informed Decision Making

This video was originally published by the American Cancer Society on October 11, 2011, here.

This video from the American Cancer Society discusses informed decision-making options on prostate cancer. For more information about prostate cancer and different treatment options, please visit cancer.org