Stages of Multiple Myeloma
This article was originally posted by MyMyelomaTeam on January 16, 2019 here.
Oncologists (doctors specializing in cancer) assign a stage to multiple myeloma to express how advanced the cancer is and their prediction for how it will progress. Recommendations about myeloma treatment are based partly on the stage. Two different systems are used to stage multiple myeloma. Both systems recognize three stages and are based on the results of clinical tests rather than myeloma symptoms a person experiences.
Some doctors regard related precancerous conditions, such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), as early, asymptomatic stages of multiple myeloma. However, this article deals with how cancer is staged when multiple myeloma is first diagnosed or when it relapses.
Read more about myeloma types and related disorders.
Systems for Staging Multiple Myeloma
There are two staging systems for multiple myeloma, the International Staging System (ISS) and the Durie-Salmon Staging System. Each is based on measurements of different properties.
International Staging System
The International Staging System was introduced in 2003, and many doctors consider it a more accurate assessment of the risk for multiple myeloma progression. The ISS does not take X-rays or bone lesions into account when staging multiple myeloma. Oncologists using the ISS perform a cytogenetic study to examine the genes of cancer cells for traits connected with a high risk for progression. They also measure levels of different substances found in the blood, including albumin (a common protein), beta microglobulin (protein produced by myeloma cells), and lactate dehydrogenase (an enzyme produced as cells turn glucose into energy).
Stage 1
- Cytogenetic studies do not show high risk for progression.
- Albumin levels are greater than 3.5 grams per deciliter.
- Beta macroglobulin levels are less than 3.5 milligrams per liter.
- Lactate dehydrogenase levels are normal.
Stage 2
- Findings are more advanced than stage 1, but less advanced than stage 3.
Stage 3
- Cytogenetic studies show a high risk for progression.
- Beta macroglobulin levels are greater than 5.5 milligrams per liter.
- Lactate dehydrogenase levels are elevated.
Durie-Salmon Staging System
First introduced in the 1970s, the Durie-Salmon staging system is still used by some doctors to stage multiple myeloma. Oncologists using the Durie-Salmon system look at X-rays and count bone lesions. They also test blood and urine to measure levels of hemoglobin (a protein that transports oxygen in the blood), calcium (a mineral released when bones are breaking down), and M proteins and light chains (abnormal fragments of antibodies made by the immune system).
Stage 1
- X-rays are normal, or there is a solitary plasmacytoma (one bone lesion).
- Hemoglobin is greater than 10.5 grams per deciliter.
- Blood calcium is 12 milligrams per deciliter or less.
- M proteins and IgG are less than 5 grams per deciliter.
- IgA is less than 3 grams per deciliter.
- Light chains in urine are less than 4 grams in 24 hours.
Stage 2
- Findings are more advanced than stage 1, but less advanced than stage 3.
- Diagnosis is stage 2A if there is no kidney failure, stage 2B if kidney failure is present.
Stage 3
- X-rays show more than three bone lesions.
- Hemoglobin is less than 8.5 grams per deciliter.
- Blood calcium is greater than 12 milligrams per deciliter.
- M proteins and IgG are greater than 7 grams per deciliter. IgA is greater than 5 grams per deciliter.
- Light chains in urine are greater than 12 grams in 24 hours.
Re-Staging
If there is a relapse after multiple myeloma has been effectively treated, the oncologist may re-stage the cancer based on the same criteria.
Condition Guide
- Multiple Myeloma — An Overview
- Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
- Multiple Myeloma — The Path to Diagnosis
- Myeloma Types and Related Conditions
- Treatments for Myeloma
- What Causes Multiple Myeloma?
Comprehensive Hematological Cancer Centers
Dr. Gerri Smoluk was a PEN Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Network Manager. Gerri was a drug development scientist and patient advocate who was diagnosed with AML in 2016. She made it her mission to help patients ask the right questions of their care teams. She used her knowledge to help patients learn about medications for and the latest information about their disease. Using her science background, Gerri developed tangible resources to help other AML patients. She felt she had an advantage and made it her mission to use that advantage to help empower others to make better decisions. Gerri passed away July 27, 2020. Her legacy lives on inspiring other Network Managers to help more patients become empowered.
ePatient Virtual Courses
The ePatient virtual classrooms are designed to empower patients in all their healthcare matters.
ePatient 101
ePatient101: How to be an Empowered Patient, is an online course for anyone interested in becoming an empowered patient, empowered caregiver, or patient advocate. Through this online course taught by Alex Barfuss, you will learn:
- The meaning of the term “ePatient”
- Why being an ePatient is so important in today’s healthcare system
- How you can save time and money and get better overall value from your health care providers
- How to advocate for yourself
- Tools, tips and best practices to help manage your or your loved one’s chronic disease
Caregiver 101
Caregiver 101 is full of useful tools for caregivers and taught by Caregiving.com founder, Denise Brown. By taking this course, you will learn:
- How the carer/caree relationship can be a health relationship
- How to find balance
- How to find more time for your self
- How to ask for support
- Tips, tools, and tactics to be a better carer/caree
- Curated links and resources
- Videos
- Knowledge quizzes
- Support from a community of caregivers at cargiving.com
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) 101
We are excited to be partnering up with Intake.me to bring you CLL 101. We wanted anyone struggling with a recent CLL diagnosis to become empowered through knowledge and support. By taking this course, you will receive:
- An overview of CLL
- Facts about CLL
- Curated links and resources
- Videos
- Knowledge quizzes
- Printable checklists with questions to ask your doctor
- Why you should immediately get a second, expert opinion
- Tips on building your healthcare team, and how your local doctor can work with a CLL expert to provide the best treatment
- Where to find the latest CLL research, clinical trials, and other treatment options
- Ability to ask questions from other CLL 101 students
These courses are part of the Intake.me experience and are free to everyone. You can sign up be clicking one of the buttons below. Enjoy!
|
|