Tag Archive for: pembrolizumab

Tailored Approaches to Lung Cancer | The Crucial Role of Biomarker Testing

Tailored Approaches to Lung Cancer | The Crucial Role of Biomarker Testing from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

How does biomarker testing factor into personalized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment? Expert Dr. Samuel Cykert from UNC School of Medicine explains different ways that biomarker testing is used in personalizing treatment approaches and proactive patient advice for biomarker testing.

[ACT]IVATION TIP

“…have access to personalized medicine, whether it’s a surgical biopsy or a radiologic biopsy by a radiologist, you always make the statement. I would like biomarker testing for my biopsy specimen, and I would like to consider the testing that goes along with research protocols too.”

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Related Resources:

Catalyzing Lung Cancer Care | The Transformative Impact of Early Biomarker Testing

Catalyzing Lung Cancer Care | The Transformative Impact of Early Biomarker Testing

Closing the Gap | Ensuring Equitable Access to Lung Cancer Biomarker Testing

Closing the Gap | Ensuring Equitable Access to Lung Cancer Biomarker Testing

Unveiling Racial Disparities in Early-Stage Lung Cancer Treatment

Unveiling Racial Disparities in Early-Stage Lung Cancer Treatment

Transcript:

Lisa Hatfield:

How does biomarker testing contribute to the personalized treatment approach for patients with non-small cell lung cancer, particularly in identifying actionable mutations like EGFR, BRAF, and other mutations?

Dr. Samuel Cykert:

Yeah, great, great question. Because some of these biomarkers tell you that there’s a specific treatment that will really, really work for you, and some of the biomarkers tell you there’ll be specific treatments that don’t.

And so the importance of them have to do with, again, you talk about personalized treatment, personalized treatment is getting a treatment that works for you, getting a treatment that works for the genetic component of your tumor, and so it’s really, really important that you differentiate, because again, there are studies that show certain immunotherapy medicines like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo), that those medicines will work in certain situations, but in other situations, they really don’t, and there are other medicines, for instance,  tyrosine-kinase inhibitors that work, where in other situations, they don’t, and so it really is the definition of personalized medicine for lung cancer, knowing what’s going to work and what’s not going to work, and what your odds are in certain situations.

My activation tip is to have access to personalized medicine, whether it’s a surgical biopsy or a radiologic biopsy by a radiologist, you always make the statement. I would like biomarker testing for my biopsy specimen, and I would like to consider the testing that goes along with research protocols too.


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Advancements in Endometrial Cancer Trials | Insights and Opportunities

Advancements in Endometrial Cancer Trials: Insights and Opportunities from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What’s important for endometrial cancer patients to know about clinical trials? Expert Dr. Charlotte Gamble from MedStar Health discusses novel therapies under study, treatments that are showing promising results, and patient advice on clinical trials.

[ACT]IVATION TIP

“…be able to ask your doctor about if you’re eligible for clinical trials, what your cancer mutational or genetic code is that might make you eligible for certain clinical trials, and where those trials are offered, if it’s at the health system that you are seeking care, or if it’s at a nearby health system, if you’re able and willing to travel.”

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See More from [ACT]IVATED Endometrial Cancer

Related Resources:

What Are Barriers to Endometrial Cancer Care Access?

What Are Barriers to Endometrial Cancer Care Access?

Should Some Gynecologic Cancer Patients Seek a Specialist?

Should Some Gynecologic Cancer Patients Seek a Specialist?

Are Beauty Products a Risk Factor for Endometrial Cancer?

Are Beauty Products a Risk Factor for Endometrial Cancer?

Transcript:

Lisa Hatfield:

So, Dr. Gamble, this is kind of a three-part question about clinical trials. Can you talk a little bit about ongoing clinical trials that are investigating novel therapies for advanced endometrial cancer? And then maybe talk a little bit about some promising or encouraging results that you’re seeing with trials? And last part of the question is, what do you want people living with endometrial cancer to know about clinical trials?  

Dr. Charlotte Gamble

I’m so glad you asked this question. This is such a valuable question and an area of a lot of interest that has improved over the past several years, not only about clinical trials and the real need to make sure that patients are aware of them and to ensure that these clinical trials represent the populations that we intend to serve as healthcare providers in the United States, but also specifically in the world of endometrial cancer. Really exciting, promising results that we’ve had over the past year, year-and-a-half specifically that address the very desperate need for novel therapeutics to treat patients who have endometrial cancer.

So, for example, two major trials were published last year, presented at international meetings, looking at the real improvement in overall survival, really increasing the length of time patients can live with endometrial cancer that leverage the use of drugs called immunotherapy. So things like dostarlimab-gxly (Jemperli) or pembrolizumab (Keytruda), these are generic names for immunotherapy drugs that work very well in some subsets of patients with endometrial cancer.

This is something, some survival benefits that we have never seen before in the endometrial cancer space and rarely seen in the gynecologic oncology space and is a definite marker of huge success in terms of extending the lifespan of patients who suffer from this challenging to treat understudied, underfunded disease. Endometrial cancer is actually one of the lowest funded studies in the National Cancer Institute at NIH.

And so having major trials come out over the past couple of years that really look at survival opportunities with the leveraged use of immunotherapies is something that is both exciting and invigorating to the field and hopefully can potentiate further funding from the NCI to be able to study this disease type. In terms of your question for what patients should know about, about ongoing trials, I think this dovetails into several of the points that we’ll discuss during this interview of making sure that patients are their own advocate and having an advocate nearby and with them at all of their appointments.

 So it’s really important to ask their subspecialists, their oncologists or their gynecologic oncologists about if there are any clinical trials that the patients are eligible for. A lot of this comes down to, has the patient undergone genetic testing or molecular sequencing that looks at the specific mutations in the cancer tissue that sometimes will make patients eligible for certain clinical trials or others? And other times it’s just understanding that what opportunities are available within the health system and outside the healthcare system in which the patient is seeking care.

A lot of times when we see that these trials that are published might not represent a racially diverse group of patients. Oftentimes it’s because of two reasons. One, patients aren’t even offered clinical trials, even if they are eligible. Or two, patients might be getting care at a health facility that doesn’t have access or the infrastructure to enroll them on these clinical trials that could be available, perhaps at a regionally nearby cancer center.

I oftentimes suggest to patients, please ask me questions about your molecular subtyping. Ask me questions about what clinical trials you might be available for. There is a significant amount of trust that the health system needs to earn back from patients to allow them the headspace to trust the health system again, given historical, massive, ethical issues and trials in the past and patients and their loved ones feeling that clinical trials just means a big experiment and they don’t want to be experimented on. And what I often say to that is really, you have to understand the details of the trial and the science going into it and make sure that your doctor has your best interests at heart. But oftentimes these trials hold significant promise.

And the reason that you might be eligible for them is that the trial drugs might work better than standard of care, certainly for endometrial cancer we’ve seen that in the two major trials that came out this year. So I think my activation tip for this question is really to be able to ask your doctor about if you’re eligible for clinical trials, what your cancer mutational or genetic code is that might make you eligible for certain clinical trials, and where those trials are offered, if it’s at the health system that you are seeking care, or if it’s at a nearby health system, if you’re able and willing to travel.


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PODCAST: Kidney Cancer Patient Expert Q&A: Dr. Moshe Ornstein


START HERE bridges the expert and patient voice, enabling patients facing a kidney cancer diagnosis to feel comfortable asking precise questions of their healthcare team.

In this program, Dr. Moshe Ornstein offers invaluable insights into renal cell carcinoma (RCC), equipping newly diagnosed patients with essential information on treatment priorities, as well as strategies for managing progression and recurrence.

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Transcript:

Lisa Hatfield:

Hello and welcome. My name is Lisa Hatfield, your host for this Patient Empowerment Network START HERE program, where we bridge the expert and patient voice to enable you and me to feel comfortable asking questions for our healthcare team. The world is complicated, but understanding your kidney cancer doesn’t have to be. The goal of this program is to create actionable pathways for getting the most out of treatment and survivorship. 

Joining me today is Dr. Moshe Ornstein. Dr. Ornstein is a respected kidney cancer physician and researcher from Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Ornstein’s clinical practice and research are focused on cancers of the genitourinary system, specifically kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer. He has published multiple research articles and presented his research at a variety of national medical meetings. He’s actively involved in multiple clinical trials. Dr. Ornstein, it’s such a pleasure having you today, and thank you for joining us. 

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Thanks for having me, Lisa. Pleasure to be here.

Lisa Hatfield:

So before we dive into today’s discussion, please take a moment to download the program resource guide using the QR code. This guide contains pertinent information to guide you both before and after the program. In this program, we’ll provide you with a comprehensive update on the latest kidney cancer news, and its implications for you and your family. Following that, we’ll launch into questions we have received from you.

So let’s start here. Dr. Ornstein, the treatment landscape of renal cell carcinoma, also known as kidney cancer, has evolved significantly over the past three decades, leading to improved therapeutic options and prolonged survival. That said, we also recognize that there are unmet needs to improve outcomes in kidney cancer. Today, we are privileged to have your expertise to help us decipher these developments and shed light on the advancements shaping the landscape of kidney cancer care. Dr. Ornstein, can you speak to the latest news in renal cell carcinoma?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Sure, Lisa. It’s a great question. But before I start with the most recent updates and the latest news, I just want to clarify something. I think for you, Lisa, as you say the words kidney cancer and renal cell carcinoma, it’s indeed a mouthful. And for our patients, it can be very confusing as they sometimes hear kidney cancer, they sometimes hear renal cell carcinoma, they sometimes hear RCC, and it can be really hard to digest and understand what their diagnosis is, or if they see a presentation or a talk on kidney cancer, what that means.

So kidney cancer just means any cancer that arises in the kidney. There’s lots of different types of kidney cancer. For the purposes of today’s discussion, we’re really talking about renal cell carcinoma or RCC, which is the most common type of kidney cancer. And within RCC, the most common subtype is clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

So today, when you hear us talk about kidney cancer, RCC, renal cell carcinoma, clear cell RCC, just know that we’re referring to the most common type of kidney cancer. But it is a really important thing to talk to your doctors about, and for patients to talk, and their families to talk to physicians about to understand the subtype. We’ll use colloquially kidney cancer and RCC for today’s discussion. So just by way of a 30,000 foot view, when it comes to renal cell carcinoma, approximately two-thirds of patients are diagnosed when the cancer is in a localized stage, where the cancer is treated with curative intent, generally with surgery.

For patients who present with metastatic kidney cancer,  in other words, kidney cancer that has spread beyond the kidney, or for patients who had their kidney removed and then developed a recurrence or the cancer had come back to the lungs or the bones or anywhere beyond the kidney, those patients are treated with what’s called systemic therapy. Those are medicines that really cover head to toe, not a specific area, but head to toe.

And when we think about treatment options in kidney cancer, there are two main treatment options. One is immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is generally what’s called checkpoint inhibitors. And these are therapies that “release the brakes” on the immune system, and allow the body’s immune system to be activated to target the cancer. And the other type of medicine is called targeted therapies. And these for the most part, are vascular targeted therapies, and the way I describe it is they shrink the blood supply to the tumors. So again, you have those tumors that are diagnosed at a local stage. You have those tumors that are metastatic or advanced beyond the kidney. And the main treatment paradigms have to do with immunotherapy and targeted therapy.

So we just had the ASCO GU meeting, and I just want to describe the updates and how they fit into sort of the overall treatment paradigms across the different treatment sections, in other words, localized and metastatic. So for a patient who presents and comes in with just a kidney mass, that’s a kidney cancer, generally that patient’s going to be treated with surgery.

In general, there’s no rule for therapy before surgery. For many years, for that patient who had their kidney cancer removed from the kidney, either part of the kidney or the whole kidney removed, we really didn’t know what to do with those patients, and the standard of care was just to watch those patients. And we’ll get into a discussion about what watching the patient means. But one of the updates from the recent meetings has been that for patients who have their kidney removed because of kidney cancer, there is now a rule in some patients, this has to be a discussion with the doctor, to use immunotherapy to help prevent or delay the cancer from coming back. It’s a personal discussion.

We have a lot of data to support the use of a medicine called pembrolizumab (Keytruda), which is an immunotherapy that patients would get for a year after their kidney surgery. So that’s really the big recent update in the localized kidney cancer world, where the kidney cancer has been removed by surgery, and there’s now a treatment option, a year of immunotherapy after surgery for the right patient. So now, we move to the metastatic patient.

So again, the patient who has metastatic disease, either comes in with metastatic disease upfront, meaning the kidney’s there, the tumor’s in the kidney, and there’s advanced disease. And the other type is the patient who had their kidney removed a year ago, two years ago, sometimes five years ago, and now shows up with new spots in the lungs or the bones or elsewhere in the body. And that is metastatic or advanced kidney cancer.

So by in large, the overwhelming majority, and in my clinical practice, 95 percent of these patients are going to get an immunotherapy-based regimen as the first treatment for advanced kidney cancer. And there are different types of immunotherapy-based regimens. There’s an immunotherapy in combination with immunotherapy, and that’s called ipilimumab (Yervoy) and nivolumab (Opdivo), so double immunotherapy, or an immunotherapy plus a targeted therapy.

Lisa, we spoke about the targeted therapy cutting the blood supply. So in addition to getting two immunotherapies, some patients won’t get two immunotherapies, they’ll get one immunotherapy in combination with a targeted therapy. And those combinations include axitinib (Inlyta) and pembrolizumab, lenvatinib (Lenvima) and pembrolizumab and cabozantinib (Cabometyx) and nivolumab as the primary combination treatments for the first line of therapy for metastatic kidney cancer.

And the real updates from the recent meetings in this setting is just that with additional follow-up, in other words, we’ve seen follow-up at two years after the trial started, three years, four years, now five years, we’re seeing that there’s a subset of patients that continue to benefit with this combination years down the road. So, encouraging for patients. Again, it’s not every patient, different patients need different things, but just the knowledge that we have long-term follow-up data for patients who have gotten an immunotherapy-based combination for the front-line treatment for their advanced kidney cancer.

And the last update I want to touch on is once we move beyond that first line of immunotherapy-based combinations, we really don’t know exactly what to do beyond that. Meaning, if somebody got an immunotherapy-based combination, and then the kidney cancer got worse, what do we give next? And generally, we’re giving more of these vascular inhibitors, these targeted therapies. And the latest advancement in this area, in the refractory setting, in other words post immunotherapy-based combination is the introduction of a new medicine called belzutifan (Welireg), which is not a classic vascular inhibitor, but is something called the HIF-2α inhibitor. It’s a very well-tolerated therapy in many of the patients. And it does have activity in the right patient. And it’s now FDA-approved relatively recently for patients who have already had an immunotherapy-based combination. So that’s kind of the major update.

The post-surgery treatment with immunotherapy, long-term data for immunotherapy-based combinations in the metastatic setting, and a novel therapy, a new mechanism of action with a pill with a therapy called belzutifan for patients whose kidney cancer is getting worse despite standard treatments upfront.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you so much for that outstanding overview. I had one follow-up question to that overview regarding clinical trials. So can you talk about any clinical trials you are excited about, both in the newly diagnosed setting or in the…I can’t remember what you called it, but the newly diagnosed setting and then the metastatic or recurring setting for kidney cancer, specific clinical trials, and then some of the medications that you had mentioned, are those FDA-approved right now or are those also in clinical…are most of those in clinical trials at the moment?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

A great question. I think what this goes to show is that, here I am talking to you, and sometimes some of the words are hard to understand. You can imagine a patient with a newly diagnosed kidney cancer, how confusing a lot of this can be. So I’m really happy we’re having this discussion. Everything I had mentioned up until this point is FDA-approved. And if I am to mention something that is not FDA-approved, I’ll make that caveat. And while we’re talking about non-FDA-approved therapies, let’s talk about some of those new and exciting clinical trials. The way I look at clinical trials, whether it’s in the treatment naive, so a patient who has a newly diagnosed cancer, or in a patient with refractory cancer, meaning cancer that has gotten worse despite some treatment already.

So I look at clinical trials, and I tend to divide them into two different main categories. And I think for patients, this sort of helps categorize them in a neat fashion. One, is looking at those trials that are investigating novel therapies. So we spoke about those immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors, we spoke about those vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, in other words, targeted therapy. We spoke about this HIF-2α, those are all therapies that we understand the mechanism of action, we understand how they work.

So one kind of clinical trial is saying, what’s next? What’s down the road? What’s not an irregular immunotherapy? What’s not a regular targeted therapy? What’s not another HIF-2α drug? What are the novel therapies being investigated? So some of those trials that I’m interested in are trials that are looking at something called bispecifics. So these are singular drugs that sort of have two different targets. We’re looking at cellular therapies. We know these things called CAR-T cells work well in some of other cancers like lymphomas, but is there a rule for using this type of novel mechanism in kidney cancer?

Drugs looking at things called antibody drug conjugates, which again, these types of therapies are available in breast cancer, in bladder cancer, in other types of cancer, but not yet in kidney cancer. And that’s kind of the one category of novel mechanisms, novel agents. That’s one class of clinical trials. And the other class of clinical trials is really sort of optimizing the drugs we already have. So we know that as a general rule, giving immunotherapy plus targeted therapy is better than giving immunotherapy alone. But what about trials looking at giving two immunotherapies plus a targeted therapy?

We know that patients either get immunotherapy and immunotherapy, or an immunotherapy and a targeted therapy. What about if we gave two immunotherapies and a targeted therapy? Can three be better than two? So there are trials both in the front-line setting and in the refractory setting, looking at these novel therapies in the one bucket. And then there are also trials looking at these combinations and different ways of mixing and matching therapies that we already have to optimize patient outcomes?

Lisa Hatfield:

Great. Thank you for that description of clinical trials, too. That’s very helpful.

Okay. Now it’s that time where we answer questions that we’ve received from you. Please remember that this is not a substitute for your medical care. Always consult with your medical team. So, Dr. Ornstein, how do you explain a kidney cancer diagnosis to your newly diagnosed patients, and what are the priorities for those newly diagnosed patients?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

When I’m looking at a patient and their family with a newly diagnosed kidney cancer, I’m trying to think to myself a couple of things. Number one, how can I make it as easy to understand without withholding any information? How can I be as encouraging as possible, but at the same time without misleading the patient in terms of what’s to come? The way I break it down is into two main categories. There is the patient that presents with a localized kidney cancer.

So they came to the emergency room because they were having belly pain, and they were found to have a big mass growing in their kidney that is proven to be kidney cancer. And then there’s the patient who has advanced disease, metastatic disease that has spread beyond the kidney. Either they came in with metastatic disease, in other words, their kidneys in place, and they have cancer beyond the kidney. Or they already had a surgery a year or two ago, and now they come back, and the cancer has returned elsewhere in the body.

So for the patient that comes with a localized kidney cancer or kidney cancer limited to the kidney, I talk to them about what the diagnosis means in terms of what subtype of kidney cancer is it, meaning although most kidney cancers are clear cell renal cell carcinoma, there are other types of kidney cancer. And I want them to have a good handle in terms of what they have, both so that they know and they have all the information they need, but also because I understand that most patients, or at least many patients are going to look for more information elsewhere.  And without understanding the histology, the type of kidney cancer they actually have, I worry that they’re not going to get the right information. So I try to be very clear about what stage is it based on the scans or if they’re coming to see me after their surgery, what stage is it after the surgery?

What does it mean when something is a grade 1 versus a grade 2 versus a grade 3 in terms of what the cells look like under the microscope? That’s about the cancer. And then I talk to them about what we’re going to look for in the future. So again, we’re talking now about the patient with localized kidney cancer. I try to go through with them what the risk of that localized cancer is in terms of what the odds are of it coming back. We talk about what kind of surveillance, what kind of watching or monitoring of the cancer are we going to do, how often they’re going to get CAT scans.

So really try to give them the big picture about what cancer they have, what the outlook is, and what we’re going to do to keep a close eye on them. For the patient who has an advanced cancer, in some ways it’s similar. When I say advanced, I mean a cancer that has spread beyond the kidney that’s going to require therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, a clinical trial, whatever it might be.

And again, super important for them to understand, is this a clear cell kidney cancer? Which is the most common? Is it a papillary kidney cancer? Is it something else? Then we talk about what the different treatment options are. What does the short term look like in terms of side effects? What does the short term look like in terms of getting the cancer under control? What does the long-term outlook look like? What are the possible long-term side effects? And then what are we going to do to monitor? Are we doing CAT scans? Are we doing MRIs? Are we doing imaging of their brain?

So again, first and foremost, what’s the nature of the diagnosis, what the treatment options are and likely side effects, what they need to look out for, and then how we as a medical team are going to monitor this over hopefully the long run.

Lisa Hatfield:

We have a patient asking if you can speak to a typical patient history associated with kidney cancer and is there a common factor, or I think that they’re asking is there a cause that you see frequently for kidney cancer?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein: 

Yeah, this is such a common question, Lisa, because patients want to know I have this cancer, what caused it? And generally, we just don’t know the answer to that. And I tell that to patients, it’s generally not something that somebody did that caused this kidney cancer. We do have known risk factors for kidney cancer, whether it’s obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease. So there are certain risk factors and associations, but it’s really difficult for a specific patient to be able to pinpoint this caused the kidney cancer. And I think it’s reassuring for patients to know that as a general rule, it’s not something that a patient did that caused the kidney cancer, and it’s not somebody’s fault that they have the kidney cancer.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you for that. What is hereditary renal cell carcinoma, and can you speak to the instance that you’ve seen in your practice? And third part of that question is, how can I protect my family?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein: 

It’s a loaded question, Lisa. And the truth is, you know, patients come in and many patients are not concerned about their well-being, they’re more concerned about their family, and they want to know, “Is this something that’s going to impact my children? Do my children need to be screened for kidney cancer at an earlier age or screened at all?” Because generally we don’t screen people for kidney cancer. 90+, maybe even as high as 95 percent of kidney cancer is what’s called sporadic.

In other words, it just comes out of the blue. I tell patients in some ways it’s just bad luck. It’s not anything they did. It’s not something that they got a gene from their mother or father that caused it, and it’s not something that they’re going to pass down to their children. There’s a very small percentage, maybe about 5 percent or so of kidney cancer that’s hereditary, that does have, you know, a genetic association. That is something that they can potentially pass down, and they may have received that gene from a parent.

It’s exceedingly rare. We think about VHL syndrome, we think about something called hereditary papillary, tuberous sclerosis complex, Birt-Hogg-Dubé, but the overwhelming majority are sporadic, not associated with any specific gene in terms of a gene passed down from parent to child. What I would say is when I start to think about an inherited kidney cancer, I’m thinking more about a very young patient who comes in with kidney cancer, where we don’t expect young patients generally to have kidney cancer, or a patient who shows up with kidney cancer that’s in both of the kidneys. So there are certain unusual features that would lead a doctor to think about a hereditary or genetically associated kidney cancer. But overwhelmingly, it’s sporadic. Children are not necessarily at a higher risk, don’t need to be screened. But for these small features we do in clinic, keep an eye out for that.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you for that. So when you have a patient who comes in with those more unusual presentations, do you recommend that they get some type of genetic testing done, so they can be aware for their family members that maybe they should be screened?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Yeah, absolutely. I mean, if there’s an unusual feature, either a feature associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or something called Birt-Hogg-Dubé, or a young patient with advanced kidney cancer where we don’t expect it, or a patient that shows up with cancer in both of their kidneys and nowhere else, that will trigger us to send the patient to a genetic counselor to do a more thorough family history and talk about what they might be looking for in terms of genetic testing.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you. All right. Another person watching is asking, are there known occupational exposure risk factors for kidney cancer?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

This is a great question. You know, we know that with certain cancers, there are classic occupational exposure risks. People want to know, “If I worked in a coal mine, am I more likely to get this kind of kidney cancer? What if I’m a Vietnam veteran and I was exposed to Agent Orange, is this more likely?” Really difficult to find those associations.

I would say that probably the biggest ones are going to be, again, smoking, which I don’t know is so much an occupational hazard, although secondhand smoke is a real risk factor for cancers. Asbestos. So people who worked around a lot of asbestos, that can be a risk factor even for kidney cancer. I know we usually think about it as lung cancer mesothelioma, but definitely for kidney cancer as well in some studies. And then certain forms of gasoline exposure. I will tell you that I’ve taken care of a lot of patients and a lot of people who have kidney cancer and have never been able to isolate an occupational exposure. But looking in the literature, we’re really looking more for asbestos, certain gasoline, secondhand smoke, things like that.

Lisa Hatifeld:

Okay. Thank you. Another patient is asking if there are any specific diets or diet recommendations for kidney cancer patients, especially as they relate to managing side effects of the treatment.

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

We get asked all the time. And my general answer that I give, and again it’s sort of tongue in cheek, is I tell the patients the same diet that I should be following is the diet that I would recommend to you. I tell patients it’s a well-balanced diet, the right amount of carbs, the right amount of protein, the right amount of Snicker bars. I’m not a get rid of all your sugar or don’t drink any caffeine person. So I think in terms of sort of being data-driven, I would say a generally well-balanced diet.

However, some of these therapies, particularly the TKIs can cause diarrhea. They can cause mouth sores, they might change how you feel. So even though a well-balanced diet is great, we also encourage patients and empower them and their families to follow a diet that’s going to sit well with them given the therapy that they’re on.

So I care about diet much less in the sense of how’s the diet going to affect the cancer and the long-term outcome, and much more in eat the foods that your body will accept. If your body is tolerating more pasta now than it did before, because that helps your gut and therefore you’re able to stay on therapy, wonderful. If you’ve become more of a protein person because that doesn’t instigate the diarrhea, also great. If you need food that has more salt or less spice because of how your mouth feels because of the therapy, then that’s what you need to eat. So really to pay attention to their own bodies and know that whatever they fall on in terms of their diet, again, taking the extremes out of the equation, it’s okay.

Lisa Hatifeld:

You’ve made a lot of patients happy with that response. Thank you.

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

I think I may have made a lot of spouses unhappy. But again, I think it’s important to work as a team with the medical team and with family.

Lisa Hatifeld:

Great. Thank you. One last question. A patient is asking, “I’m newly diagnosed and my stage of kidney cancer is unclear as I wait for further review. What questions should I be asking my team? It’s very scary to know you have cancer, but unclear of how serious.”

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

The first thing I would tell this patient is, it’s okay to be scared. And there’s no right or wrong way to feel while you’re waiting for the uncertainty to be settled. Some people have trouble sleeping, some people cry, some people shy away from interacting with their friends and loved ones. And there’s no right and wrong way to respond.

Once you’re comfortable, once a patient is comfortable saying, however I feel emotionally is okay, now we can talk about what you should be asking and what they should be asking. I always try to frame it as what am I looking for in the short term, and what am I looking for in the long term? And I think it’s important to ask the team, ‘Is this cancer something that we’re going to treat with a goal of eliminating it, or is this cancer something that I’m more likely to be on therapy for the long term?”

Again, a short-term question and a long-term question, and the team can give a general overview. I think it’s okay for a doctor to say, I don’t know, or I don’t know yet. I think if you have a doctor that says that, you’re probably very lucky because they’re comfortable being honest and telling you what they know and what they don’t know and what they’re going to do to get the information.

So I would say the questions to ask are, “What’s the next step in the investigations, whether it’s additional scans or additional biopsies? What are the chances that this is something that’s only going to be a short-term issue, and what are the chances that this is something that I’m looking at sort of a chronic condition for the long term?”

Lisa Hatifeld:  

Great. Thank you so much for that answer and showing compassion when you answered that question too. That’s a difficult diagnosis to receive. So thank you for that.

Dr. Ornstein, thank you so much for joining us today. We really appreciate your time and expertise. On behalf of all patients, including myself, a cancer patient, we’re so thankful for the opportunity to listen to your answers, for you to let us ask questions. So we appreciate your time. Thank you so much.

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Yep. Really my pleasure to be here and thanks so much for the opportunity.

Head and Neck Cancer Treatment and Research Updates

Head and Neck Cancer Treatment and Research Updates from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What is the latest head and neck cancer news? Expert Dr. Ezra Cohen discusses research updates in immunotherapy and shares credible resources for staying informed about head and neck cancer treatment and research.

Dr. Ezra Cohen is a medical oncologist, head and neck cancer researcher and Chief Medical Officer of Oncology at Tempus Labs.

Download Resource Guide

See More from Evolve Head & Neck Cancer

 

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Transcript:

Katherine:

Well, thank you so much for taking time out of your schedule to join us today. As you know, head and neck cancer research has been progressing quickly. What recent developments do you think patients should know about? 

Dr. Cohen:

Well, there are a lot, really. And I think probably the first and foremost is the impact that immunotherapy is having on treatment for head and neck cancer. And that is mostly in the form of a drug called pembrolizumab (Keytruda). It’s an anti-PD1 antibody that really – what it does is stimulate a specific cell type in the immune system called T cells. And now, it’s approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic disease.

However, for patients, I think probably the most important development over the last little while is the realization of the important of the multidisciplinary team in the management of patients with head and neck cancer.  

It used to be that the care was driven by a single oncologist or a single individual, but over the last, I would say mostly over the last decade, maybe a little but more than that. There’s becoming this realization more and more and the implementation, of course, of these multidisciplinary approaches involving a surgeon, a radiation oncologist, a medical oncologist, but much more than that. A speech and language pathologist, a swallowing expert, nutritionist, psychologist, pharmacists, dentists, of course oral surgeons.  

With the, now, the prospective data to validate that in a multidisciplinary setting, with a multidisciplinary tumor board where each patient is discussed with all of these individuals providing input. The outcomes are substantially better. And so, for patients, I think that that’s had the greatest impact, because we’re talking about patients who can be cured for the most part.  

And those cure rates increasing just simply by getting the right people involved in their care. 

Katherine:

Yeah. Very important, then. As I mentioned a few minutes ago, patients should be aware of all of their options. How can patients stay informed as the treatment landscape expands and changes?  

Dr. Cohen:

Yeah. It’s challenging because not only are patients and their caregivers grappling with this diagnosis, and it’s a brand-new world for almost all of them. Many patients have never had to deal with cancer ever before. Pile onto that the functional and social aspects of having head and neck cancer. Remember this is a cancer that affects so much of what makes us human – our ability to communicate, to speak, to eat, to swallow. And so, now, patients are flung into this situation, and it is challenging to find good information.  

Having said that, often the oncologists that are involved in the person’s care should be a great source of information, especially if those oncologists have experience treating head and neck cancer. And incidentally, just as an aside, there is also data and mounting data that the more experienced a center is in treating head and neck cancer, the better the outcomes. And so, that’s something that patients may want to think about as they choose their providers.

But then there are also public sources. There are support groups for head and neck cancer. The Head and Neck Cancer Alliance is one of those. SPOHNC is another and they’re excellent sources of information for patients. American Cancer Society is always a very good source of information, mostly for cancer basics but they do have the pages that are dedicated to head and neck cancer.  

And then the American Society of Clinical Oncology, or ASCO, actually does have a patient-facing part of their organization, and that can help not only with information about the disease, but it can also help find providers that have a specific interest in this type of cancer. 

Exploring Renal Cell Carcinoma Research: Expert Insights on Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy

Exploring Renal Cell Carcinoma Research: Expert Insights on Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What’s important in renal cell carcinoma research news? Expert Dr. Moshe Ornstein from Cleveland Clinic shares an overview of research updates on immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination therapies.

Download Resource Guide

See More from START HERE Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

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Expert Insights into Kidney Cancer Risk Factors and Genetic Testing

Expert Insights into Kidney Cancer Risk Factors and Genetic Testing

Transcript: 

Lisa Hatfield:

Dr. Ornstein, can you speak to the latest news in renal cell carcinoma?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

So just by way of a 30,000 foot view, when it comes to renal cell carcinoma, approximately two-thirds of patients are diagnosed when the cancer is in a localized stage, where the cancer is treated with curative intent, generally with surgery. For patients who present with metastatic kidney cancer, in other words, kidney cancer that has spread beyond the kidney, or for patients who had their kidney removed and then developed a recurrence or the cancer had come back to the lungs or the bones or anywhere beyond the kidney, those patients are treated with what’s called systemic therapy. Those are medicines that really cover head to toe, not a specific area, but head to toe.

And when we think about treatment options in kidney cancer, there are two main treatment options. One is immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is generally what’s called checkpoint inhibitors. And these are therapies that “release the brakes” on the immune system, and allow the body’s immune system to be activated to target the cancer.

And the other type of medicine is called targeted therapies. And these for the most part, are vascular targeted therapies, and the way I describe it is they shrink the blood supply to the tumors. So again, you have those tumors that are diagnosed at a local stage. You have those tumors that are metastatic or advanced beyond the kidney. And the main treatment paradigms have to do with immunotherapy and targeted therapy.

So we just had the ASCO GU meeting, and I just want to describe the updates and how they fit into sort of the overall treatment paradigms across the different treatment sections, in other words, localized and metastatic. So for a patient who presents and comes in with just a kidney mass, that’s a kidney cancer, generally that patient’s going to be treated with surgery. In general, there’s no rule for therapy before surgery. For many years, for that patient who had their kidney cancer removed from the kidney, either part of the kidney or the whole kidney removed, we really didn’t know what to do with those patients, and the standard of care was just to watch those patients.

And we’ll get into a discussion about what watching the patient means. But one of the updates from the recent meetings has been that for patients who have their kidney removed because of kidney cancer, there is now a rule in some patients, this has to be a discussion with the doctor, to use immunotherapy to help prevent or delay the cancer from coming back. It’s a personal discussion.

We have a lot of data to support the use of a medicine called pembrolizumab (Keytruda), which is an immunotherapy that patients would get for a year after their kidney surgery. So that’s really the big recent update in the localized kidney cancer world, where the kidney cancer has been removed by surgery, and there’s now a treatment option, a year of immunotherapy after surgery for the right patient. So now, we move to the metastatic patient.

So again, the patient who has metastatic disease, either comes in with metastatic disease upfront, meaning the kidney’s there, the tumor’s in the kidney, and there’s advanced disease. And the other type is the patient who had their kidney removed a year ago, two years ago, sometimes five years ago, and now shows up with new spots in the lungs or the bones or elsewhere in the body. And that is metastatic or advanced kidney cancer.

So by and large, the overwhelming majority, and in my clinical practice, 95 percent of these patients are going to get an immunotherapy-based regimen as the first treatment for advanced kidney cancer. And there are different types of immunotherapy-based regimens. There’s an immunotherapy in combination with immunotherapy, and that’s called ipilimumab (Yervoy) and nivolumab (Opdivo), so double immunotherapy, or an immunotherapy plus a targeted therapy.

Lisa, we spoke about the targeted therapy, cutting the blood supply. So in addition to getting two immunotherapies, some patients won’t get two immunotherapies, they’ll get one immunotherapy in combination with a targeted therapy. And those combinations include axitinib (Inlyta) and pembrolizumab, lenvatinib (Lenvima) and pembrolizumab and cabozantinib (Cabometyx) and nivolumab as the primary combination treatments for the first line of therapy for metastatic kidney cancer.

And the real updates from the recent meetings in this setting is just that with additional follow-up, in other words, we’ve seen follow-up at two years after the trial started, three years, four years, now five years, we’re seeing that there’s a subset of patients that continue to benefit with this combination years down the road. So, encouraging for patients. Again, it’s not every patient, different patients need different things, but just the knowledge that we have long-term follow-up data for patients who have gotten an immunotherapy-based combination for the front-line treatment for their advanced kidney cancer.

And the last update I want to touch on is once we move beyond that first line of immunotherapy-based combinations, we really don’t know exactly what to do beyond that. Meaning, if somebody got an immunotherapy-based combination, and then the kidney cancer got worse, what do we give next? And generally, we’re giving more of these vascular inhibitors, these targeted therapies. And the latest advancement in this area, in the refractory setting, in other words post immunotherapy-based combination is the introduction of a new medicine called belzutifan (Welireg), which is not a classic vascular inhibitor, but is something called the HIF-2α inhibitor.

It’s a very well-tolerated therapy in many of the patients. And it does have activity in the right patient. And it’s now FDA-approved relatively recently for patients who have already had an immunotherapy-based combination. So that’s kind of the major update. The post-surgery treatment with immunotherapy, long-term data for immunotherapy-based combinations in the metastatic setting, and a novel therapy, a new mechanism of action with a pill with a therapy called belzutifan for patients whose kidney cancer is getting worse despite standard treatments upfront.


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Kidney Cancer Patient Expert Q&A: Dr. Moshe Ornstein

Kidney Cancer Patient Expert Q&A: Dr. Moshe Ornstein from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

START HERE bridges the expert and patient voice, enabling patients facing a kidney cancer diagnosis to feel comfortable asking precise questions of their healthcare team.

In this program, Dr. Moshe Ornstein offers invaluable insights into renal cell carcinoma (RCC), equipping newly diagnosed patients with essential information on treatment priorities, as well as strategies for managing progression and recurrence.

Download Resource Guide

See More from START HERE Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

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Transcript: 

Lisa Hatfield:

Hello and welcome. My name is Lisa Hatfield, your host for this Patient Empowerment Network START HERE program, where we bridge the expert and patient voice to enable you and me to feel comfortable asking questions for our healthcare team. The world is complicated, but understanding your kidney cancer doesn’t have to be. The goal of this program is to create actionable pathways for getting the most out of treatment and survivorship. 

Joining me today is Dr. Moshe Ornstein. Dr. Ornstein is a respected kidney cancer physician and researcher from Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Ornstein’s clinical practice and research are focused on cancers of the genitourinary system, specifically kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer. He has published multiple research articles and presented his research at a variety of national medical meetings. He’s actively involved in multiple clinical trials. Dr. Ornstein, it’s such a pleasure having you today, and thank you for joining us. 

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Thanks for having me, Lisa. Pleasure to be here.

Lisa Hatfield:

So before we dive into today’s discussion, please take a moment to download the program resource guide using the QR code. This guide contains pertinent information to guide you both before and after the program. In this program, we’ll provide you with a comprehensive update on the latest kidney cancer news, and its implications for you and your family. Following that, we’ll launch into questions we have received from you.

So let’s start here. Dr. Ornstein, the treatment landscape of renal cell carcinoma, also known as kidney cancer, has evolved significantly over the past three decades, leading to improved therapeutic options and prolonged survival. That said, we also recognize that there are unmet needs to improve outcomes in kidney cancer. Today, we are privileged to have your expertise to help us decipher these developments and shed light on the advancements shaping the landscape of kidney cancer care. Dr. Ornstein, can you speak to the latest news in renal cell carcinoma?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Sure, Lisa. It’s a great question. But before I start with the most recent updates and the latest news, I just want to clarify something. I think for you, Lisa, as you say the words kidney cancer and renal cell carcinoma, it’s indeed a mouthful. And for our patients, it can be very confusing as they sometimes hear kidney cancer, they sometimes hear renal cell carcinoma, they sometimes hear RCC, and it can be really hard to digest and understand what their diagnosis is, or if they see a presentation or a talk on kidney cancer, what that means.

So kidney cancer just means any cancer that arises in the kidney. There’s lots of different types of kidney cancer. For the purposes of today’s discussion, we’re really talking about renal cell carcinoma or RCC, which is the most common type of kidney cancer. And within RCC, the most common subtype is clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

So today, when you hear us talk about kidney cancer, RCC, renal cell carcinoma, clear cell RCC, just know that we’re referring to the most common type of kidney cancer. But it is a really important thing to talk to your doctors about, and for patients to talk, and their families to talk to physicians about to understand the subtype. We’ll use colloquially kidney cancer and RCC for today’s discussion. So just by way of a 30,000 foot view, when it comes to renal cell carcinoma, approximately two-thirds of patients are diagnosed when the cancer is in a localized stage, where the cancer is treated with curative intent, generally with surgery.

For patients who present with metastatic kidney cancer,  in other words, kidney cancer that has spread beyond the kidney, or for patients who had their kidney removed and then developed a recurrence or the cancer had come back to the lungs or the bones or anywhere beyond the kidney, those patients are treated with what’s called systemic therapy. Those are medicines that really cover head to toe, not a specific area, but head to toe.

And when we think about treatment options in kidney cancer, there are two main treatment options. One is immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is generally what’s called checkpoint inhibitors. And these are therapies that “release the brakes” on the immune system, and allow the body’s immune system to be activated to target the cancer. And the other type of medicine is called targeted therapies. And these for the most part, are vascular targeted therapies, and the way I describe it is they shrink the blood supply to the tumors. So again, you have those tumors that are diagnosed at a local stage. You have those tumors that are metastatic or advanced beyond the kidney. And the main treatment paradigms have to do with immunotherapy and targeted therapy.

So we just had the ASCO GU meeting, and I just want to describe the updates and how they fit into sort of the overall treatment paradigms across the different treatment sections, in other words, localized and metastatic. So for a patient who presents and comes in with just a kidney mass, that’s a kidney cancer, generally that patient’s going to be treated with surgery.

In general, there’s no rule for therapy before surgery. For many years, for that patient who had their kidney cancer removed from the kidney, either part of the kidney or the whole kidney removed, we really didn’t know what to do with those patients, and the standard of care was just to watch those patients. And we’ll get into a discussion about what watching the patient means. But one of the updates from the recent meetings has been that for patients who have their kidney removed because of kidney cancer, there is now a rule in some patients, this has to be a discussion with the doctor, to use immunotherapy to help prevent or delay the cancer from coming back. It’s a personal discussion.

We have a lot of data to support the use of a medicine called pembrolizumab (Keytruda), which is an immunotherapy that patients would get for a year after their kidney surgery. So that’s really the big recent update in the localized kidney cancer world, where the kidney cancer has been removed by surgery, and there’s now a treatment option, a year of immunotherapy after surgery for the right patient. So now, we move to the metastatic patient.

So again, the patient who has metastatic disease, either comes in with metastatic disease upfront, meaning the kidney’s there, the tumor’s in the kidney, and there’s advanced disease. And the other type is the patient who had their kidney removed a year ago, two years ago, sometimes five years ago, and now shows up with new spots in the lungs or the bones or elsewhere in the body. And that is metastatic or advanced kidney cancer.

So by in large, the overwhelming majority, and in my clinical practice, 95 percent of these patients are going to get an immunotherapy-based regimen as the first treatment for advanced kidney cancer. And there are different types of immunotherapy-based regimens. There’s an immunotherapy in combination with immunotherapy, and that’s called ipilimumab (Yervoy) and nivolumab (Opdivo), so double immunotherapy, or an immunotherapy plus a targeted therapy.

Lisa, we spoke about the targeted therapy cutting the blood supply. So in addition to getting two immunotherapies, some patients won’t get two immunotherapies, they’ll get one immunotherapy in combination with a targeted therapy. And those combinations include axitinib (Inlyta) and pembrolizumab, lenvatinib (Lenvima) and pembrolizumab and cabozantinib (Cabometyx) and nivolumab as the primary combination treatments for the first line of therapy for metastatic kidney cancer.

And the real updates from the recent meetings in this setting is just that with additional follow-up, in other words, we’ve seen follow-up at two years after the trial started, three years, four years, now five years, we’re seeing that there’s a subset of patients that continue to benefit with this combination years down the road. So, encouraging for patients. Again, it’s not every patient, different patients need different things, but just the knowledge that we have long-term follow-up data for patients who have gotten an immunotherapy-based combination for the front-line treatment for their advanced kidney cancer.

And the last update I want to touch on is once we move beyond that first line of immunotherapy-based combinations, we really don’t know exactly what to do beyond that. Meaning, if somebody got an immunotherapy-based combination, and then the kidney cancer got worse, what do we give next? And generally, we’re giving more of these vascular inhibitors, these targeted therapies. And the latest advancement in this area, in the refractory setting, in other words post immunotherapy-based combination is the introduction of a new medicine called belzutifan (Welireg), which is not a classic vascular inhibitor, but is something called the HIF-2α inhibitor. It’s a very well-tolerated therapy in many of the patients. And it does have activity in the right patient. And it’s now FDA-approved relatively recently for patients who have already had an immunotherapy-based combination. So that’s kind of the major update.

The post-surgery treatment with immunotherapy, long-term data for immunotherapy-based combinations in the metastatic setting, and a novel therapy, a new mechanism of action with a pill with a therapy called belzutifan for patients whose kidney cancer is getting worse despite standard treatments upfront.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you so much for that outstanding overview. I had one follow-up question to that overview regarding clinical trials. So can you talk about any clinical trials you are excited about, both in the newly diagnosed setting or in the…I can’t remember what you called it, but the newly diagnosed setting and then the metastatic or recurring setting for kidney cancer, specific clinical trials, and then some of the medications that you had mentioned, are those FDA-approved right now or are those also in clinical…are most of those in clinical trials at the moment?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

A great question. I think what this goes to show is that, here I am talking to you, and sometimes some of the words are hard to understand. You can imagine a patient with a newly diagnosed kidney cancer, how confusing a lot of this can be. So I’m really happy we’re having this discussion. Everything I had mentioned up until this point is FDA-approved. And if I am to mention something that is not FDA-approved, I’ll make that caveat. And while we’re talking about non-FDA-approved therapies, let’s talk about some of those new and exciting clinical trials. The way I look at clinical trials, whether it’s in the treatment naive, so a patient who has a newly diagnosed cancer, or in a patient with refractory cancer, meaning cancer that has gotten worse despite some treatment already.

So I look at clinical trials, and I tend to divide them into two different main categories. And I think for patients, this sort of helps categorize them in a neat fashion. One, is looking at those trials that are investigating novel therapies. So we spoke about those immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors, we spoke about those vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, in other words, targeted therapy. We spoke about this HIF-2α, those are all therapies that we understand the mechanism of action, we understand how they work.

So one kind of clinical trial is saying, what’s next? What’s down the road? What’s not an irregular immunotherapy? What’s not a regular targeted therapy? What’s not another HIF-2α drug? What are the novel therapies being investigated? So some of those trials that I’m interested in are trials that are looking at something called bispecifics. So these are singular drugs that sort of have two different targets. We’re looking at cellular therapies. We know these things called CAR-T cells work well in some of other cancers like lymphomas, but is there a rule for using this type of novel mechanism in kidney cancer?

Drugs looking at things called antibody drug conjugates, which again, these types of therapies are available in breast cancer, in bladder cancer, in other types of cancer, but not yet in kidney cancer. And that’s kind of the one category of novel mechanisms, novel agents. That’s one class of clinical trials. And the other class of clinical trials is really sort of optimizing the drugs we already have. So we know that as a general rule, giving immunotherapy plus targeted therapy is better than giving immunotherapy alone. But what about trials looking at giving two immunotherapies plus a targeted therapy?

We know that patients either get immunotherapy and immunotherapy, or an immunotherapy and a targeted therapy. What about if we gave two immunotherapies and a targeted therapy? Can three be better than two? So there are trials both in the front-line setting and in the refractory setting, looking at these novel therapies in the one bucket. And then there are also trials looking at these combinations and different ways of mixing and matching therapies that we already have to optimize patient outcomes?

Lisa Hatfield:

Great. Thank you for that description of clinical trials, too. That’s very helpful.

Okay. Now it’s that time where we answer questions that we’ve received from you. Please remember that this is not a substitute for your medical care. Always consult with your medical team. So, Dr. Ornstein, how do you explain a kidney cancer diagnosis to your newly diagnosed patients, and what are the priorities for those newly diagnosed patients?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

When I’m looking at a patient and their family with a newly diagnosed kidney cancer, I’m trying to think to myself a couple of things. Number one, how can I make it as easy to understand without withholding any information? How can I be as encouraging as possible, but at the same time without misleading the patient in terms of what’s to come? The way I break it down is into two main categories. There is the patient that presents with a localized kidney cancer.

So they came to the emergency room because they were having belly pain, and they were found to have a big mass growing in their kidney that is proven to be kidney cancer. And then there’s the patient who has advanced disease, metastatic disease that has spread beyond the kidney. Either they came in with metastatic disease, in other words, their kidneys in place, and they have cancer beyond the kidney. Or they already had a surgery a year or two ago, and now they come back, and the cancer has returned elsewhere in the body.

So for the patient that comes with a localized kidney cancer or kidney cancer limited to the kidney, I talk to them about what the diagnosis means in terms of what subtype of kidney cancer is it, meaning although most kidney cancers are clear cell renal cell carcinoma, there are other types of kidney cancer. And I want them to have a good handle in terms of what they have, both so that they know and they have all the information they need, but also because I understand that most patients, or at least many patients are going to look for more information elsewhere.  And without understanding the histology, the type of kidney cancer they actually have, I worry that they’re not going to get the right information. So I try to be very clear about what stage is it based on the scans or if they’re coming to see me after their surgery, what stage is it after the surgery?

What does it mean when something is a grade 1 versus a grade 2 versus a grade 3 in terms of what the cells look like under the microscope? That’s about the cancer. And then I talk to them about what we’re going to look for in the future. So again, we’re talking now about the patient with localized kidney cancer. I try to go through with them what the risk of that localized cancer is in terms of what the odds are of it coming back. We talk about what kind of surveillance, what kind of watching or monitoring of the cancer are we going to do, how often they’re going to get CAT scans.

So really try to give them the big picture about what cancer they have, what the outlook is, and what we’re going to do to keep a close eye on them. For the patient who has an advanced cancer, in some ways it’s similar. When I say advanced, I mean a cancer that has spread beyond the kidney that’s going to require therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, a clinical trial, whatever it might be.

And again, super important for them to understand, is this a clear cell kidney cancer? Which is the most common? Is it a papillary kidney cancer? Is it something else? Then we talk about what the different treatment options are. What does the short term look like in terms of side effects? What does the short term look like in terms of getting the cancer under control? What does the long-term outlook look like? What are the possible long-term side effects? And then what are we going to do to monitor? Are we doing CAT scans? Are we doing MRIs? Are we doing imaging of their brain?

So again, first and foremost, what’s the nature of the diagnosis, what the treatment options are and likely side effects, what they need to look out for, and then how we as a medical team are going to monitor this over hopefully the long run.

Lisa Hatfield:

We have a patient asking if you can speak to a typical patient history associated with kidney cancer and is there a common factor, or I think that they’re asking is there a cause that you see frequently for kidney cancer?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein: 

Yeah, this is such a common question, Lisa, because patients want to know I have this cancer, what caused it? And generally, we just don’t know the answer to that. And I tell that to patients, it’s generally not something that somebody did that caused this kidney cancer. We do have known risk factors for kidney cancer, whether it’s obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease. So there are certain risk factors and associations, but it’s really difficult for a specific patient to be able to pinpoint this caused the kidney cancer. And I think it’s reassuring for patients to know that as a general rule, it’s not something that a patient did that caused the kidney cancer, and it’s not somebody’s fault that they have the kidney cancer.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you for that. What is hereditary renal cell carcinoma, and can you speak to the instance that you’ve seen in your practice? And third part of that question is, how can I protect my family?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein: 

It’s a loaded question, Lisa. And the truth is, you know, patients come in and many patients are not concerned about their well-being, they’re more concerned about their family, and they want to know, “Is this something that’s going to impact my children? Do my children need to be screened for kidney cancer at an earlier age or screened at all?” Because generally we don’t screen people for kidney cancer. 90+, maybe even as high as 95 percent of kidney cancer is what’s called sporadic.

In other words, it just comes out of the blue. I tell patients in some ways it’s just bad luck. It’s not anything they did. It’s not something that they got a gene from their mother or father that caused it, and it’s not something that they’re going to pass down to their children. There’s a very small percentage, maybe about 5 percent or so of kidney cancer that’s hereditary, that does have, you know, a genetic association. That is something that they can potentially pass down, and they may have received that gene from a parent.

It’s exceedingly rare. We think about VHL syndrome, we think about something called hereditary papillary, tuberous sclerosis complex, Birt-Hogg-Dubé, but the overwhelming majority are sporadic, not associated with any specific gene in terms of a gene passed down from parent to child. What I would say is when I start to think about an inherited kidney cancer, I’m thinking more about a very young patient who comes in with kidney cancer, where we don’t expect young patients generally to have kidney cancer, or a patient who shows up with kidney cancer that’s in both of the kidneys. So there are certain unusual features that would lead a doctor to think about a hereditary or genetically associated kidney cancer. But overwhelmingly, it’s sporadic. Children are not necessarily at a higher risk, don’t need to be screened. But for these small features we do in clinic, keep an eye out for that.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you for that. So when you have a patient who comes in with those more unusual presentations, do you recommend that they get some type of genetic testing done, so they can be aware for their family members that maybe they should be screened?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Yeah, absolutely. I mean, if there’s an unusual feature, either a feature associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or something called Birt-Hogg-Dubé, or a young patient with advanced kidney cancer where we don’t expect it, or a patient that shows up with cancer in both of their kidneys and nowhere else, that will trigger us to send the patient to a genetic counselor to do a more thorough family history and talk about what they might be looking for in terms of genetic testing.

Lisa Hatfield:

Okay. Thank you. All right. Another person watching is asking, are there known occupational exposure risk factors for kidney cancer?

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

This is a great question. You know, we know that with certain cancers, there are classic occupational exposure risks. People want to know, “If I worked in a coal mine, am I more likely to get this kind of kidney cancer? What if I’m a Vietnam veteran and I was exposed to Agent Orange, is this more likely?” Really difficult to find those associations.

I would say that probably the biggest ones are going to be, again, smoking, which I don’t know is so much an occupational hazard, although secondhand smoke is a real risk factor for cancers. Asbestos. So people who worked around a lot of asbestos, that can be a risk factor even for kidney cancer. I know we usually think about it as lung cancer mesothelioma, but definitely for kidney cancer as well in some studies. And then certain forms of gasoline exposure. I will tell you that I’ve taken care of a lot of patients and a lot of people who have kidney cancer and have never been able to isolate an occupational exposure. But looking in the literature, we’re really looking more for asbestos, certain gasoline, secondhand smoke, things like that.

Lisa Hatifeld:

Okay. Thank you. Another patient is asking if there are any specific diets or diet recommendations for kidney cancer patients, especially as they relate to managing side effects of the treatment.

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

We get asked all the time. And my general answer that I give, and again it’s sort of tongue in cheek, is I tell the patients the same diet that I should be following is the diet that I would recommend to you. I tell patients it’s a well-balanced diet, the right amount of carbs, the right amount of protein, the right amount of Snicker bars. I’m not a get rid of all your sugar or don’t drink any caffeine person. So I think in terms of sort of being data-driven, I would say a generally well-balanced diet.

However, some of these therapies, particularly the TKIs can cause diarrhea. They can cause mouth sores, they might change how you feel. So even though a well-balanced diet is great, we also encourage patients and empower them and their families to follow a diet that’s going to sit well with them given the therapy that they’re on.

So I care about diet much less in the sense of how’s the diet going to affect the cancer and the long-term outcome, and much more in eat the foods that your body will accept. If your body is tolerating more pasta now than it did before, because that helps your gut and therefore you’re able to stay on therapy, wonderful. If you’ve become more of a protein person because that doesn’t instigate the diarrhea, also great. If you need food that has more salt or less spice because of how your mouth feels because of the therapy, then that’s what you need to eat. So really to pay attention to their own bodies and know that whatever they fall on in terms of their diet, again, taking the extremes out of the equation, it’s okay.

Lisa Hatifeld:

You’ve made a lot of patients happy with that response. Thank you.

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

I think I may have made a lot of spouses unhappy. But again, I think it’s important to work as a team with the medical team and with family.

Lisa Hatifeld:

Great. Thank you. One last question. A patient is asking, “I’m newly diagnosed and my stage of kidney cancer is unclear as I wait for further review. What questions should I be asking my team? It’s very scary to know you have cancer, but unclear of how serious.”

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

The first thing I would tell this patient is, it’s okay to be scared. And there’s no right or wrong way to feel while you’re waiting for the uncertainty to be settled. Some people have trouble sleeping, some people cry, some people shy away from interacting with their friends and loved ones. And there’s no right and wrong way to respond.

Once you’re comfortable, once a patient is comfortable saying, however I feel emotionally is okay, now we can talk about what you should be asking and what they should be asking. I always try to frame it as what am I looking for in the short term, and what am I looking for in the long term? And I think it’s important to ask the team, ‘Is this cancer something that we’re going to treat with a goal of eliminating it, or is this cancer something that I’m more likely to be on therapy for the long term?”

Again, a short-term question and a long-term question, and the team can give a general overview. I think it’s okay for a doctor to say, I don’t know, or I don’t know yet. I think if you have a doctor that says that, you’re probably very lucky because they’re comfortable being honest and telling you what they know and what they don’t know and what they’re going to do to get the information.

So I would say the questions to ask are, “What’s the next step in the investigations, whether it’s additional scans or additional biopsies? What are the chances that this is something that’s only going to be a short-term issue, and what are the chances that this is something that I’m looking at sort of a chronic condition for the long term?”

Lisa Hatifeld:  

Great. Thank you so much for that answer and showing compassion when you answered that question too. That’s a difficult diagnosis to receive. So thank you for that.

Dr. Ornstein, thank you so much for joining us today. We really appreciate your time and expertise. On behalf of all patients, including myself, a cancer patient, we’re so thankful for the opportunity to listen to your answers, for you to let us ask questions. So we appreciate your time. Thank you so much.

Dr. Moshe Ornstein:

Yep. Really my pleasure to be here and thanks so much for the opportunity.


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Evolving Research | Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment

Evolving Research | Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Prostate cancer research continues to evolve, but what’s important for patients to know? Expert Dr. Xin Gao shares updates about recent clinical trial developments, where research stands, and the outlook for future prostate cancer treatments.

Dr. Xin Gao is a Medical Oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn more about this expert Dr. Gao.

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Transcript:

Katherine:

This actually leads me to my next question which is about research news. 

Prostate cancer research is evolving quickly, like so many other cancers. And it’s important for patients to stay up to date on developing news. So, are there research advances that patients should be aware of? 

Dr. Gao:

Yeah, I mean some of the treatments that I just mentioned, PARP inhibitors, pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for MSI higher and mismatch repair deficient tumors and lutetium. Those have come out of recent major clinical trials and have become the standard of care in a lot of different…in various different settings for patients. And there are always new research trials, clinical trials, that are going to either move some of these established treatments to earlier lines of setting, earlier lines of treatment, or using them in maybe combination with other drugs where we might learn that they’re more useful if we combine it with another drug or maybe combine it with hormone treatments earlier rather than later. 

So, there are always clinical trials for advanced prostate cancer. There are even newer trials, novel therapies, completely new treatments that have been studied in the laboratory in say petri dish models of cancer or animal, mouse models of prostate cancer, but have shown enough early exciting data to try to move them into human beings and hopefully help advanced prostate cancer patients.  

Katherine:

As we wrap up, Dr. Gao, I’d like to get your thoughts. How do you feel about where we stand with advanced prostate cancer care? 

Dr. Gao:

Yeah. I think there have been a lot of advances in advanced prostate cancer care in recent years. Newer and better treatment strategies seem to come along every couple of years, and I think what we’ve seen for advanced prostate cancer patients over the past, really, since probably 2015 or so, is a significant improvement in outcomes, long-term outcomes like survival and slowing down of the cancer. 

And it’s…I think it’s important to acknowledge that and to acknowledge that the clinical trials in recent years have really led to a lot of improvements and really the hope that in the coming years, there’s going to be additional research, additional clinical trials, newer treatments hopefully, that will continue to improve outcomes for advanced prostate cancer patients. I also think that it’s really critical to evaluate the specific patients’ cancer characteristics, things like the genetic testing that I mentioned earlier, as well as their sort of life situations and other medical comorbidities to come to a shared decision about what makes the most sense in terms of their cancer management.  

Genetic testing might open up the option for certain FDA-approved therapies or consideration of certain targeted therapies that still might be in clinical trials. And clinical trials, again, are also an option for additional treatment strategies that otherwise would not be available. 

What Is the Role of Immunotherapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers?

What is the Role of Immunotherapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What should non-melanoma skin cancer patients know about immunotherapy? Expert Dr. Silvina Pugliese explains common situations when immunotherapy is used and updates about immunotherapy treatment and research.

Silvina Pugliese, M.D., is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Dermatology and Attending Physician at the Stanford Medicine Outpatient Center and Stanford Cancer Institute. Learn more about Dr. Pugliese.

[ACT]IVATION TIP

“…recognizing that immunotherapy can be utilized in certain cases when we consider a systemic treatment of cutaneous squamous cancer and basal cell cancer. As a whole, immunotherapy is not currently first line treatment, but utilized when there is a high risk tumor or whether it’s metastatic disease or where there is locally advanced disease.”

Download Guide  |  Download Guide en español

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Transcript:

Mary Leer: 

Dr. Pugliese, what is the role of immunotherapy in patients with non-melanoma skin cancers, specifically those whose cancer is in an advanced stage or in their first line of treatment?

Dr. Silvina Pugliese:  

Immunotherapy is used in non-melanoma skin cancers in certain specific scenarios. First, PD-1 is a receptor that inhibits the activity of a sub-type of T-cells, this inhibition inhibits the, controls I could say the immune response, which is helpful because in exuberant and immune response can sometimes contribute to auto-immunity. However, cancer cells can unfortunately hijack this mechanism to suppress an anti-tumor response. So the immunotherapy we will be discussing today are monoclonal antibodies against PD1, and they work by encouraging and an anti-tumor response. And before diving into immunotherapy and when it is used, I first want to say that for most cutaneous squamous cell cancers and most cutaneous basal cell cancers, which are very different entities, but most of them can be treated by surgical excision or mohs micrographic surgery. In certain subtypes of both types of tumors, they can even be treated by topical medications, including topical chemotherapy and topical immunotherapy, so the cases where we think about more aggressive treatments are usually higher risk and more advanced and also unable to be treated with surgery or the other modalities mentioned. So in the case of cutaneous squamous cell cancer, the two FDA-approved PD-1 inhibitors that are used for treatment of continuous squamous cell cancer are pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and cemiplimab (Libtayo), some scenarios in which these PD1 inhibitors can be used are in the treatment of locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell cancer, not curable by surgery or radiation, as well as metastatic cutaneous squamous cell cancer.

For basal cell cancer, the FDA-approved treatment is cemiplimab. This is utilized for patients who have locally advanced or metastatic basal cell cancer that was previously treated with a hedgehog inhibitor or whom a hedgehog inhibitor is not appropriate. I should mention that immunotherapy is currently not first-line treated for either cutaneous squamous cell cancer or cutaneous basal cell cancer. Now because I mentioned hedgehog inhibitors, I wanted to say that this is another systemic treatment option that is utilized for more aggressive, locally advanced or metastatic high-risk basal cell cancer. Hedgehog inhibitors work by inhibiting a receptor called smoothened, and this inhibition also inhibits tumor growth. And again, these hedgehog inhibitors are utilized for local high-risk basal cell cancer, there’s a positive margin after mohs micrographic surgery, residual cancer after multiple excisions and can be primary treatment if radiation or surgery is not possible due to the size of the tumor, these can also be utilized for locally advanced or metastatic basal cell cancer, which can’t be treated topically, surgically or with radiation, because those treatments would not be curative in those cases. The two FDA-approved hedgehog inhibitors are vismodegib and sonidegib, my activation tip for this section is recognizing that immunotherapy can be utilized in certain cases when we consider a systemic treatment of cutaneous squamous cancer and basal cell cancer. As a whole, immunotherapy is not currently first line treatment, but utilized when there is a high risk tumor or whether it’s metastatic disease or where there is locally advanced disease. 


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What Prostate Cancer Research Is Showing Promise?

What Prostate Cancer Research Is Showing Promise? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What areas of prostate cancer research are showing promise? Expert Dr. Sumit Subudhi explains ongoing research and shares an overview of prostate cancer treatment classes in development.

Dr. Sumit Subudhi is an Associate Professor in the Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Learn more about Dr. Subudhi.

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Transcript:

Katherine:

I’d like to begin with an update on prostate cancer research. Would you walk us through the newer classes of treatments that are showing promise?  

Dr. Subudhi:

Yeah, in clinical trials, there are classes of drugs known as androgen receptor degraders. And so, the androgen receptor is a protein that basically is the mouth of the prostate cancer. That’s how I like to describe it. And it actually allows testosterone, which is the food, to be eaten by the mouth, and it actually helps the cancer grow. 

And what these drugs do is they actually degrade or break down the mouth of the cancer. And, therefore, it starves the cancer to death, and that’s actually the concept. And they seem to be showing some exciting activity in clinical trials, especially in those patients who are resistant to the second-generation hormonal drug that you may have heard of already, such as enzalutamide (Xtandi), apalutamide (Erleada), and darolutamide (Nubeqa). So, I think is something that we’re looking forward to seeing more data on. 

Another class of drugs are antibody drug conjugates or ADCs.  

And these are what I think of as heat-seeking missiles. So, one part of the drug actually recognizes the cancer, and the other part of the drug actually has a payload that sort of releases a bomb or sort of like chemotherapy-type agent right where the cancer’s located and kills the cancer in that way. And we’re seeing some great clinical activity in prostate cancer with this class of drugs. 

And then the final one is bispecifics, and in particular T-cell bispecifics. So, T cells are part of the immune system that actually help kill the cancer.  

And, unfortunately, prostate cancer, like some other cancers like pancreatic and glioblastoma, have few T cells inside it. And, therefore, a lot of the immunotherapies that many people have heard about, such as ipilimumab (Yervoy) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), they’re not very responsive in patients with prostate cancer. And it’s because there’s few T cells in prostate cancer. 

What the T-cell bispecifics do is they actually have one part of the drug that actually recognizes the cancer and the other part that recognizes T-cells. So, like a bulldozer, it brings T cells right into the prostate cancer and helps kill the cancer that way.  

Katherine:

Now there are some inhibitors as well. Is that correct? 

Dr. Subudhi:

Yeah. So, the immune checkpoint inhibitors have been around for a while. And, basically, in combination, they seem to be more effective in prostate cancer. But when given alone as monotherapy, they’re less effective. 

Katherine:

Are these treatments specifically for patients with advanced prostate cancer? 

Dr. Subudhi:

All of them are actually in trials in patients with advanced prostate cancer. And I define advanced prostate cancer as either having metastatic disease, meaning the cancer has spread to other parts of the body outside of the prostate. 

Examples include lymph node, the bone, the lung, the liver. But there are so few trials in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. What I mean by that is they have high-grade prostate cancer, but it’s local, or it’s just in regional lymph nodes. And some of these classes of drugs are being evaluated in that setting as well.  

Katherine:

Let’s shift to talk about your research. What are you excited about right now? 

Dr. Subudhi:

So, my research focuses on immune checkpoint therapies, which are the inhibitors that you were referring to and understanding how to make them work better in prostate cancer. 

And we’re finding out that in prostate cancer there’s about 20 to 25 percent of patients that appear to respond to this type of treatment. But these are patients that don’t have a lot of bone metastases. And these immune checkpoint inhibitors are given in combination. So, they’re not given alone. They’re given with either a combination of anti-CD34 and anti-PD-1 or some other form of that. 

What Are the Treatment Options for Early Stage Breast Cancer?

What Are the Treatment Options for Early Stage Breast Cancer? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Breast cancer expert Dr. Adrienne Waks reviews available treatment approaches for patients with early stage breast cancer and explains the role of sub types when choosing a treatment plan.

Dr. Adrienne Waks is the Associate Director of Clinical Research at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. To learn more about Dr. Waks click, here.

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Transcript:

Katherine:

Well, let’s get into the specific treatment options that are available for breast cancer patients. Could you tell us about those?  

Dr. Waks:

So, fortunately, the answer to that question is enormous, because we have so many effective treatment options in breast cancer and generally our patients do very well in the long term when they are diagnosed with early stage breast cancer, so stage I or II or III breast cancer.  

That might involve the breast, it might involve the lymph nodes under the arm, but it hasn’t traveled anywhere else in the body. So I’ll set aside metastatic breast cancer and just talk about stage I, II, and III. 

So, as you may know, we think about as medical oncologists we completely separate treatment considerations for three different subtypes of breast cancer. Those are hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive and then triple-negative. So, again, highlighting just important developments and not really the overall treatment planning for each of those subtypes, in ER-positive disease or estrogen receptor-positive disease hormonally-driven, estrogen-driven breast cancer – those are all sort of terms for the same thing, I think there have been a couple of important developments over the last few years.  

Probably the most important recent one is the new understanding and demonstration that the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib, the brand name of that drug is Verzenio. 

That drug when we administer it for two years after a patient has had their surgery and in conjunction with alongside the antiestrogen medicines; the antiestrogen medicines are usually done for a minimum of five years, when we add on to that the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib, we see that for women with higher risk disease, so maybe some lymph node involvement or a large tumor in the breast or both that the addition of the Verzenio, the abemaciclib seems to decrease their risk of recurrence of breast cancer a couple of years out. So, that’s been an important exciting development. 

Again, not for all women within early stage estrogen-driven breast cancer, but for a little bit more advanced early stage disease like lymph node involvement. You know, we’re obviously always looking for ways to reduce that risk of recurrence for women who have a little bit more risk at diagnosis and the addition of abemaciclib was an exciting and welcome addition to our toolkit there. 

In HER2-positive disease, which is about 20 percent of breast cancers overall, I think what the recent years have brought us is increasing understanding that in many cases we give women too much chemotherapy and that we need to be – so, here it’s less about adding on. Like the Verzenio example I was just talking about and more about individualizing and figuring out in whom and how we can pull back from sort of the kitchen sink approach that we take often to treating a HER2-positive early stage breast cancer and be more thoughtful and more personalized in the amount of treatment that we give women with HER2-positive breast cancer. 

The reason for that is that we’re basically 20 years into understanding that for HER2-positive breast cancers we can treat those cancers very effectively with anti-HER2 antibody drugs like trastuzumab or Herceptin. We didn’t even know that until 20 years ago. And so, Herceptin, trastuzumab and similar drugs have really revolutionized how effectively we can treat women with HER2-positive breast cancers. And so, at this point, it’s becoming more and more clear that we can really lean more on our arsenal of anti-HER2 targeted therapies like Trastuzumab. Pertuzumab (Perjeta) is another one and trastuzumab MTNC and TDM1 is another one. 

So, we have all these excellent smart targeted treatments for women with HER2-positive disease, but yet the standard of care is still to give all those good rational targeted treatments with a whole bunch of chemotherapy that comes with a lot of side effects. 

I think more and more we’re figuring out that we can lean more on our anti-HER2 treatments and require less of the really side effect heavy chemotherapy, but how do we do that thoughtfully? We obviously don’t want to undertreat anybody, so how do we do that thoughtfully? How do we pick out the women who only need the anti-HER2 treatment and can get away with less chemotherapy. I think that’s really what’s exciting in HER2-positive early stage breast cancer right is how do we individualize and take advantage of targeted agents that we have? 

And then finally, in the third subtype of breast cancer which is triple-negative breast cancer which accounts for about 10 percent of breast cancers, the most exciting development there clearly in the last year or so is the realization and the demonstration in randomized clinical trial that we can improve outcomes for those women if we give them not just chemotherapy but also chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy and specifically the immunotherapy agent called pembrolizumab or Keytruda. 

So, up until a year or two ago, the standard for a stage I or II or III triple-negative breast cancer was to get a multiagent chemo regimen and chemo was really the only type of option we had to treat those triple-negative breast cancer patients and now we know from a major important clinical trial called Keynote 522, that if we take a standard chemo backbone and add Pembrolizumab immunotherapy onto it, that we can help those women do better in the long term. So, that’s really a pretty new in the last one or two years standard of care for triple-negative breast cancer. 

And I guess the last thing I’ll say is not about one of those three subtypes of breast cancer but specifically for women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation associated with their breast cancer, which is a minority. It’s about 5 percent of breast cancer patients. Obviously, the proportion changes depending on your subtype of breast cancer and your age when you’re diagnosed, but for women who have a breast cancer associated with BRCA1 or 2 mutation and have a higher risk or early stage breast cancer. 

So, again, they have a number of lymph nodes involved or a big tumor in the breast or something like that, we now know that we can add on one year of the PARP inhibitor medication called olaparib or Lynparza to the postoperative treatment of those breast cancer patients in addition to whatever other treatment they got; the antiestrogen pills, the chemotherapy, or a combination of those two, and with the addition of olaparib or Lynparza for a year that we can again see better long-term outcomes for those patients and help them avoid recurrences. 

So, that’s not a majority of breast cancer patients but is a targeted treatment that we’re very excited about that definitely makes an important contribution to reducing risk for women with a BRCA1- or BRCA2-associated cancer or men for that matter. I’m saying women, but it could absolutely apply to men. 

Managing the Side Effects of Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment

Managing the Side Effects of Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

Prostate cancer expert Dr. Rana McKay reviews potential prostate cancer treatment side effects and discusses strategies for managing these issues.

Dr. Rana McKay is a medical oncologist at UC San Diego Health and an associate professor in the Department of Medicine at the UC San Diego School of Medicine. Learn more about Dr. McKay, here.
 
 

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Transcript:

Katherine Banwell:

Dr. McKay, for these treatment classes, what can patients expect as far as side effects? 

Dr. Rana McKay:

Absolutely. So, I think side effects – discussing side effects is a really important part of the discussion for selecting any one given therapy and in general, I think when we talk about the hormonal therapies one of the side effects that people can get is largely fatigue.  

But a lot of the symptoms are related to low testosterone. And so, that may mean muscle loss, bone loss, you know, hot flashes, fatigue, decreased libido. So, you those are things to consider with hormonal therapies. With the chemotherapies, I think the big ones we worry about are fatigue, risk of infection, blood counts dropping a little bit, people getting tired, numbness and tingling in the hands and feet can occur, some swelling in the legs are common side effects for chemotherapy agents. With regards to the immunotherapy with the vaccine therapy, it actually tends to be a fairly well-tolerated treatment. Maybe some fatigue, rarely some dizziness or some lip – lip sensitivity, numbness with the – the process of kind of collecting the cells. But it actually tends to be fairly well-tolerated.  

The targeted therapies can cause fatigue. They can cause the blood counts to drop and can impact bone marrow function. There can be sometimes GI side effects. Nausea, rash, and then the immune therapy, the pembrolizumab (Keytruda), that is FDA-approved sometimes that can cause immune-related adverse events which is kind of overactivation of the immune system developing, you know, what I’d call it as the itises. Colitis or pneumonitis, which is inflammation of various organs and symptoms related to wherever that may be.  

What Do You Need To Know About Bladder Cancer? 

What Do You Need To Know About Bladder Cancer?  from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What should you or your loved ones know following a bladder cancer diagnosis? This animated video reviews the diagnosis and types of bladder cancer, current treatment options, and key advice for taking an active role in your care.

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Current Treatment Approaches for Bladder Cancer


Transcript:

What do you need to know if you or a loved one has been diagnosed with bladder cancer? 

Bladder cancer occurs when cells in the urinary bladder grow out of control. As more cancer cells develop, they can form a tumor. And, over time, may spread to other parts of the body.  

The most common type of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma or T.C.C.. This may also be referred to as urothelial carcinoma. Other subtypes include: Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell bladder cancer and, sarcomatoid carcinoma. 

How bladder cancer is treated depends on the stage. The stages of bladder cancer include: Stage 1, which indicates that the cancer is growing in the inner lining layer of the bladder only.  Stage 2 occurs when the cancer is growing into the inner or outer muscle layer of the bladder wall. Stage 3 means that the cancer has grown beyond the muscle layer and into fatty tissue that surrounds the bladder. And, Stage 4 indicates that the cancer is growing outside of the pelvic region and has spread to distant sites, such as the lung, liver, or bones. When cancer has spread to other organs in the body, it is considered metastatic cancer. 

When making a treatment choice, your doctor may also consider age, any comorbidities, potential side effects, and the results of biomarker testing, as well as that patient’s preference. 

So, what are the treatment options for bladder cancer? For early stage, or non-muscle-invasive, bladder cancer patients, doctors may use a form of immunotherapy instilled in the bladder called B.C.G. which stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. B.C.G. is used to inhibit the cancer’s growth and prevent recurrence.  

If patients do not respond or recur after B.C.G., a radical cystectomy – a surgical procedure to remove the bladder, is offered.  In select patients, pembrolizumab, a form of immunotherapy, can be used as an alternative. 

For localized bladder cancer invading the muscle, treatment is typically chemotherapy, followed by surgery. Tri-modality treatment using chemotherapy along with radiation is an option for patients who are not candidates for surgery – or refuse surgery – and who meet criteria for bladder preservation.   

Surgery, including a urostomy where the bladder is removed and replaced with a stoma outside of their bodies, is a major procedure reserved for patients who are very fit with low comorbidities. 

Now that you understand a little more about your bladder cancer and treatment options, how can you take an active role in your care? 

First, continue to educate yourself about your condition. Ask your doctor for patient resources or visit powerfulpatients.org/bladdercancer for more information.  

Understand the goals of your treatment and ask whether a clinical trial might be right for you.  

You should also consider a second opinion or consult with a specialist following a diagnosis.  

Try to write down your questions before and during your appointments.  And bring a friend or loved one to your appointments to help you recall information and to keep track of important details.  

Finally, remember that you have a voice in your care. Don’t hesitate to ask questions and to share your concerns. You are your own best advocate. 

To learn more about bladder cancer and to access tools for self-advocacy, visit powerfulpatients.org/bladdercancer.  

What Are Biomarkers and How Do They Impact Lung Cancer Treatment Options?

What Are Biomarkers and How Do They Impact Lung Cancer Treatment Options? from Patient Empowerment Network on Vimeo.

What are lung cancer biomarkers, and how do they impact treatment options? Dr. Isabel Preeshagul defines biomarkers and explains how different biomarkers may help determine treatment options and aid in predicting treatment response. 

Dr. Isabel Preeshagul is a thoracic medical oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Learn more about Dr. Preeshagul here.

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Transcript:

Katherine Banwell:

Well, let’s define a few terms that are often confusing for patients. What are biomarkers?

Dr. Preeshagul:

Those are somatic alterations in the tumor just like EGFR, or ALK fusions, or MET exon 14, or MET amplification, or KRAS G12C.

These are all genes that are altered in the tumor. And these are genes that drive the tumor to grow. There are also other markers like PD-L1, which is a marker for response to immunotherapy. And there are various markers.

I could go on and talk about it for hours, but those are the more common ones that we know how to treat and how to handle and prognosticate.

Katherine Banwell:

And another term that’s sometimes confusing, what is a genetic mutation?

Dr. Preeshagul:

So, for genetic mutations, you have germline, and you have somatic. So, a germline mutation may be something like a BRCA1 or a BRCA2 that we see in patients with breast cancer or prostate cancer versus a somatic mutation which would be EGFR that I had mentioned or ALK fusion. So, germline mutations are the ones that we worry about being heritable.

And somatic mutations are those that are not thought to be heritable but thought to happen spontaneously within the tumor itself and cause the tumor to grow. We are constantly learning more about these though, however. But it’s really important to talk with your doctor to see if you have a germline mutation or a somatic mutation or if you have both.

And it is never wrong to seek an opinion with a genetic counselor to make sure that everyone in your family is safe, that you’re up to date on age-appropriate cancer screening, and that your family gets screened appropriately as well if indicated.

Katherine Banwell:

Are there specific biomarkers that affect lung cancer treatment choices?

Dr. Preeshagul:

Oh, definitely. One that I had mentioned is PD-L1. And this is a marker that we look for expression. So, based on FDA approval for pembrolizumab, if you have an expression of 50 percent or more, you are able to get immunotherapy alone in the upfront setting. If you have less than 50 percent, we often give you chemotherapy plus immunotherapy. And that’s based on a clinical trial known as KEYNOTE-189.

Other markers such as EGFR, as I had mentioned, ALK fusions, RET, NTRK, MET exon 14, ROS1, KRAS, HER2, you name it, those are alterations that we look for ideally in the upfront setting as well and can really affect treatment planning.

And those patients that harbor mutations like EGFR and ALK and ROS1 or MET exon 14, we know that these patients do better with targeted therapy upfront, not standard-of-care chemo. So, it’s really important to know about the presence of these alterations before you start treatment if possible.